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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care
current versionsNo studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Oral midazolam vs chloral hydrate Allergic or anaphylactoid reaction · children requiring sedation before procedures that require motion control, including echocardiography, lumbar… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Level of sedation on a sedation assessment scale · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 99 participants | Moderate |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Numeric rating of anxiety or rated as anxious · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Incomplete procedure · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 179 participants | Very low |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Anterograde amnesia (defined by number of participants who recalled the procedure) · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Disinhibition or excitation · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Discomfort/Pain · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 99 participants | Moderate |
Oral midazolam vs placebo Allergic or anaphylactoid reaction · children requiring sedation before micturating cystourethrograms and Kirschner wire removal and adults undergoing… Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Level of sedation on a sedation assessment scale · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous midazolam vs diazepam Incomplete procedure · adults and children requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 170 participants | Ungraded |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Numeric rating of anxiety or rated as anxious · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Incomplete procedure · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.12] | 2 studies · 149 participants | Low |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Anterograde amnesia (defined by number of participants who recalled the procedure) · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Disinhibition or excitation · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Discomfort/pain · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intranasal midazolam vs placebo Allergic or anaphylactoid reaction · Children requiring sedation before voiding cystourethrograms and adults undergoing MRI Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous midazolam vs diazepam Anterograde amnesia (defined by number of participants who recalled the procedure) · adults and children requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.3, 0.66] | 9 studies · 587 participants | Low |
Intravenous midazolam vs diazepam Disinhibition or excitation · adults and children requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous midazolam vs diazepam Discomfort/pain · adults and children requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.24, 1.49] | 5 studies · 415 participants | Low |
Intravenous midazolam vs diazepam Allergic or anaphylactoid reaction · adults and children requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous midazolam vs placebo Level of sedation on a sedation assessment scale · adults requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Intravenous midazolam vs placebo Numeric rating of anxiety or rated as anxious · adults requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy Midazolam for sedation before procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Pre‐hospital cooling vs in‐hospital cooling Survival and good neurological outcome · out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Pre‐hospital versus in‐hospital initiation of cooling for survival and neuroprotection after out‐of‐hospital… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2369 participants | Very low |
Pre‐hospital cooling vs in‐hospital cooling Adverse events ‐ re‐arrest after randomization · out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest Pre‐hospital versus in‐hospital initiation of cooling for survival and neuroprotection after out‐of‐hospital… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.02, 1.48] | 4 studies · 1713 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Successful cannulation at the first attempt · paediatric patients Ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation for paediatrics (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.96 [1.34, 2.85] | 4 studies · 404 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Rate of complications (haematoma or ischaemia) · paediatric patients Ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation for paediatrics (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.07, 0.6] | 2 studies · 222 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Successful cannulation within the first 2 attempts · paediatric patients Ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation for paediatrics (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.25, 2.51] | 2 studies · 134 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Overall mortality (regardless of the · Patients with critical illnesses Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 | 13 studies · 1391 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR ICU length of stay (selenium) · Patients with critical illnesses Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults (2015) · Cochrane | MD 0.54 | 7 studies · 934 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Days on ventilator (selenium) · Patients with critical illnesses Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 191 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay (selenium) · Patients with critical illnesses Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 693 participants | Very low |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Complication rate total · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.17, 0.52] | 14 studies · 2406 participants | Very low |
Doppler guidance vs anatomical landmarks Number of attempts until success · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
Doppler guidance vs anatomical landmarks Arterial puncture · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.21, 1.73] | 6 studies · 213 participants | Low |
Doppler guidance vs anatomical landmarks Time to successful cannulation · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 214 participants | Moderate |
Doppler guidance vs anatomical landmarks Success with attempt number 1 · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.02, 2.43] | 4 studies · 199 participants | Low |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Overall success rate · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [1.08, 1.17] | 23 studies · 4340 participants | Very low |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Number of attempts until success · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 3302 participants | Very low |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Arterial puncture · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.18, 0.44] | 22 studies · 4388 participants | Low |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Other complications (thrombosis, embolism, haematomediastinum and hydromediastinum, haematothorax and hydrothorax, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, nerve injury) · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.15, 0.76] | 11 studies · 3042 participants | Moderate |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Time to successful cannulation · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 3451 participants | Very low |
Ultrasound guidance vs anatomical landmarks Success with attempt number 1Â · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [1.36, 1.82] | 18 studies · 2681 participants | Moderate |
Doppler guidance vs anatomical landmarks Complication rate total · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.16, 1.71] | 3 studies · 93 participants | Low |
Doppler guidance vs anatomical landmarks Overall success rate · patients with internal jugular vein cannulation for central vein catheterization Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.95, 1.25] | 7 studies · 289 participants | Very low |
Early vs late tracheostomy Mortality at longest · critically ill patients Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.7, 0.98] | 7 studies · 1903 participants | Moderate |
Early vs late tracheostomy Ventilator‐free days during 1 to 28 days · critically ill patients Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 335 participants | Moderate |
Early vs late tracheostomy Days of MV during 1 to 60 days · critically ill patients Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Early vs late tracheostomy Length of ICU stay · critically ill patients Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Early vs late tracheostomy ICU discharge (at day 28 after randomization) · critically ill patients Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.08, 1.55] | 2 studies · 538 participants | High |
Early vs late tracheostomy Pneumonia · critically ill patients Early versus late tracheostomy for critically ill patients (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 948 participants | Very low |