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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication
current versionsNo studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Patient behaviours and actions · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 147 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Health service outcome; resource use · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 379 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Health professional outcomes · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Harms · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Healthcare professional participants Patient related outcomes · Physicians Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Healthcare professional participants Health service outcome; resource use · Physicians Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 230 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs standard mail Patient or caregiver behaviours/actions · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 96 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs usual care Healthcare professional outcomes · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs usual care Harms · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs standard mail Patient or caregiver understanding and support · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs standard mail Health service outcome: uptake of preventive screening · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1859 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs standard mail Healthcare professional outcomes · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs standard mail Harms · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs usual care Patient or caregiver behaviours/actions · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 132 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs usual care Patient health status and well‐being · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs usual care Patient or caregiver understanding and support · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email communication vs usual care Health service outcomes · Adultsa Email for the provision of information on disease prevention and health promotion (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Reminder packages vs no reminder packages Adherence (% of pills taken) · people taking self‐administered medications Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self‐administered long‐term medications (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 772 participants | Low |
Reminder packages vs no reminder packages Adherence (self‐ reported) · people taking self‐administered medications Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self‐administered long‐term medications (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.56, 1.4] | 2 studies · 339 participants | Very low |
Reminder packages vs no reminder packages Systolic blood pressure · people taking self‐administered medications Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self‐administered long‐term medications (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Reminder packages vs no reminder packages Diastolic blood pressure · people taking self‐administered medications Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self‐administered long‐term medications (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Reminder packages vs no reminder packages Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level · people taking self‐administered medications Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self‐administered long‐term medications (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Natural frequencies vs probabilities Understanding (measured as correct estimate or interpretation of a risk) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 642 participants | Moderate |
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) vs number needed Persuasiveness (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9024 participants | Moderate |
Relative risk reduction (RRR) vs absolute risk reduction (ARR) Understanding (measured as correct estimate or interpretation of a risk reduction) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 469 participants | Moderate |
Relative risk reduction (RRR) vs absolute risk reduction (ARR) Perception (measured as rating on a scale of perceived effectiveness) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1116 participants | Low |
Relative risk reduction (RRR) vs absolute risk reduction (ARR) Persuasiveness (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11221 participants | Moderate |
Relative risk reduction (RRR) vs number needed Understanding (measured as correct estimate or interpretation of a risk reduction) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 182 participants | Moderate |
Relative risk reduction (RRR) vs number needed Perception (measured as rating on a scale of perceived effectiveness) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 970 participants | Moderate |
Relative risk reduction (RRR) vs number needed Persuasiveness (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9582 participants | Moderate |
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) vs number needed Understanding (measured as correct estimate or interpretation of a risk reduction) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 182 participants | Moderate |
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) vs number needed Perception (measured as rating on a scale of perceived effectiveness) · health professionals and consumers Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 949 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Understanding · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 124 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Behavior · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 11629 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Perception (measured as rating on a scale of perceived effectiveness) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 226 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Persuasiveness (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1068 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Behavior · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 282 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perception ‐ screening message (measured as rating on a scale of perceived effectiveness) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 513 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perception ‐ prevention message (measured as rating on a scale of perceived effectiveness) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 815 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Persuasiveness ‐ screening message (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 931 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Persuasiveness ‐ prevention message (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1496 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Persuasiveness ‐ treatment message (measured as a hypothetical decision or intention or willingness to adopt an intervention) · consumers Framing of health information messages (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1788 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Self‐efficacy for health information seeking 4‐item Likert scale. Scale from: 0 to 10. ( · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 448 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Health information evaluation skills Difference in the quality ratings given to web pages. Scale from: ‐9 to 9. ( · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 448 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of times the patient discussed online information with a health provider Episodes the consumer had discussed online information with a health provider in the previous 3 months. Scale from: 0 to unlimited. ( · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 448 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ability to search for online health information ‐ not measured · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Knowledge and understanding of how to find, evaluate and use online health information ‐ not measured · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Computer literacy ‐ not measured · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events · Adult consumers Interventions for enhancing consumers' online health literacy (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Psychological distress · informal caregivers of patients in the terminal phase of a disease Interventions for supporting informal caregivers of patients in the terminal phase of a disease (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 936 participants | Low |