Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

563 questions · 568 findings · 104 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 53 · 9.3%GRADE not reported 26 · 4.6%Very low 85 · 15%Low 214 · 37.7%Moderate 151 · 26.6%High 39 · 6.9%

Intervention not reported

Time taken to establish full gavage feeding (days) · intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Feeding intolerance (number of episodes per day) · intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) at completion of feed · intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) · intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Heart rate (beats per minute) at completion of feed · intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Heart rate (beats per minute) · intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether high changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.07, 15.78]
1 study · 61 participants
Very low

High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula

Weight gain · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 61 participants
Moderate

High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula

Linear growth (cm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula

Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

High vs standard volume of unfortified human milk or term formula

Extrauterine growth restriction at discharge · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Presence of PDA on third to fourth day of life (after 72 hours of treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention probably leads to lower presence of PDA on third to fourth day of life (after 72 hours of… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.39 [0.31, 0.48]
9 studies · 1029 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Presence of PDA on third day of life (72 hours of treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 827 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Need for surgical closure of PDA (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention probably leads to lower need for surgical closure of PDA (during hospital stay) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.46 [0.22, 0.96]
7 studies · 925 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

IVH grade III to IV (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention showed no clear difference in IVH grade III to IV (during hospital stay) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.45, 1]
7 studies · 925 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

NEC (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention showed no clear difference in NEC (during hospital stay) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.61, 1.5]
9 studies · 1028 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage (during hospital stay) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention may leads to higher gastrointestinal haemorrhage (during hospital stay) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.05 [1.19, 3.51]
5 studies · 282 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Oliguria (during ibuprofen treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention leads to higher oliguria (during ibuprofen treatment) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.45 [1.04, 2.02]
4 studies · 747 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Serum creatinine levels (mg/dL) (after treatment) Normal values for male and female newborns (17.7 to 88.4 µmol/L) (0.23 to 1.16 mg/dL) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 800 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Presence of PDA on day 3 or 4 of life (after 72 hours of treatment) · preterm or low birth weight infants with risk of having PDA on day 3 to 4 of life

The intervention may leads to lower presence of PDA on day 3 or 4 of life (after 72 hours of treatment) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.3, 0.74]
4 studies · 202 participants
Low