What do systematic reviews say?

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 434 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 242 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 434 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 470 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 470 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 470 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 242 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 179 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 190 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 338 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) (Any psychosocial intervention… (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.34, 1.51]
  3 studies · 264 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in low birth weight (< 2500 g) (Any psychosocial intervention vs.… (high certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.36, 1.43]
  1 study · 160 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in days hospitalized after delivery (Any psychosocial intervention vs.… (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 103 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in retention at treatment completion (Any psychosocial intervention vs.… (low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.93, 1.06]
  9 studies · 743 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in short term treatment retention (Any psychosocial intervention vs.… (low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.9, 1.1]
  6 studies · 514 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in positive urine at delivery (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control) (high certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [0.52, 2.65]
  2 studies · 217 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in positive urine drug test (end of treatment) (Any psychosocial… (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.75, 1.73]
  3 studies · 367 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in retention at treatment completion (CM vs. control) (low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.92, 1.16]
  6 studies · 388 participants
  Low

CBT (plus taper) vs taper

CBT (plus taper) probably leads to higher successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ post treatment Objective and… compared with taper (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.4 [1.05, 1.86]
  9 studies · 423 participants
  Moderate

CBT (plus taper) vs taper

CBT (plus taper) showed no clear difference in successful discontinuation of BZDs‐ 12 month compared with taper (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [0.89, 2.28]
  5 studies · 284 participants
  Moderate