Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,888 questions · 2,009 findings · 352 reviews

No studies found 224 · 11.1%GRADE not reported 265 · 13.2%Very low 551 · 27.4%Low 540 · 26.9%Moderate 311 · 15.5%High 118 · 5.9%

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

PTSD diagnosis · various

Any early psychological intervention may leads to lower PTSD diagnosis: 3–6 months compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Caesarean section · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Instrumental delivery · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early initiation of epidural analgesia vs Late initiation

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women (at term) requesting epidural analgesia in labour (regardless of whether the labour was spontaneous or induced)

Early initiation of epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in apgar score <7 at 5 min compared with late initiation (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Mortality Mortality at latest · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review