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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.4, 0.59] | 11 studies · 9084 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Oxytocin augmentation · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.75, 1.09] | 12 studies · 9451 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] | 9 studies · 8171 participants | Moderate |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Apgar score less than seven at five minutes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.52, 1.23] | 12 studies · 9473 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.6, 1.07] | 11 studies · 9278 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.95] | 16 studies · 3451 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Caesarean section · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.86, 1.16] | 32 studies · 5914 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.53, 0.92] | 25 studies · 4857 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Oxytocin augmentation · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.15, 1.44] | 28 studies · 5416 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.49, 0.99] | 16 studies · 3212 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Caesarean section · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.11] | 4 studies · 594 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Apgar score less than seven at five minutes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.46, 1.02] | 21 studies · 4438 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.86, 1.23] | 23 studies · 4450 participants | Moderate |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.95, 1.33] | 3 studies · 466 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Caesarean section · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.5, 0.9] | 6 studies · 737 participants | Moderate |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.19, 2.26] | 3 studies · 331 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Oxytocin augmentation · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.02, 0.85] | 3 studies · 261 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 6 [0.76, 47.6] | 2 studies · 220 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [0.27, 15.7] | 4 studies · 527 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs intravenous oxytocin Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the third trimester for induction of labour (200 had ruptured membranes, 317 women had intact membranes and… Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.12, 3.45] | 4 studies · 517 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.98, 1.79] | 4 studies · 1044 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 5.15 [0.25, 105.31] | 3 studies · 495 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Caesarean section · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.75, 0.95] | 6 studies · 2993 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.78, 2.21] | 4 studies · 2828 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Oxytocin augmentation · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.65, 0.95] | 4 studies · 2708 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.3, 1.38] | 3 studies · 2506 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.69, 2.39] | 4 studies · 2707 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs mechanical methods Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.87, 1.76] | 5 studies · 2886 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.31, 1.17] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Caesarean section · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.77, 2.22] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Oxytocin augmentation · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.59, 1.68] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Oxytocin augmentation · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.38, 0.55] | 3 studies · 495 participants | Moderate |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4 [0.92, 17.4] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol one‐ to two‐hourly vs oral misoprostol four‐ to six‐hourly Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the third trimester for induction of labour with intact membranes Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Vaginal birth within 24 hours · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.8, 1.16] | 2 studies · 296 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Caesarean section · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.63, 4.32] | 2 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.12, 72.45] | 1 study · 146 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Oxytocin augmentation · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.85, 1.27] | 2 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Uterine hyperstimulation without FHR changes · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4 [0.88, 18.2] | 1 study · 146 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.32, 3.16] | 2 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol 20 µg hourly titrated vs oral misoprostol 25 µg two‐hourly static Admission to NICU · induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.57, 3.31] | 2 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate changes · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [0.39, 10.87] | 2 studies · 430 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.46, 2.66] | 3 studies · 495 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs placebo/no treatment Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women with ruptured membranes in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 130 participants | Very low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Vaginal birth within 24 hours · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.87, 1] | 10 studies · 8983 participants | Low |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal dinoprostone Caesarean section · women in the third trimester for induction of labour. Low‐dose oral misoprostol for induction of labour (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.78, 0.9] | 13 studies · 9676 participants | Moderate |
First trimester routine vs selective ultrasound Maternal anxiety3 · Fetal ultrasound assessment before 24 weeks' gestation Routine ultrasound for fetal assessment before 24 weeks' gestation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.65, 0.99] | 1 study · 634 participants | Moderate |