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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Topiramate vs placebo Seizure freedom · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.67 [1.79, 7.54] | 8 studies · 1177 participants | Moderate |
Topiramate vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.37 [1.66, 3.37] | 12 studies · 1650 participants | High |
Topiramate vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ weight loss/decrease · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.99 [1.82, 8.72] | 9 studies · 1070 participants | Low |
Topiramate vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ paraesthesia · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.65 [1.58, 8.39] | 7 studies · 1071 participants | Moderate |
Topiramate vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ 'thinking abnormally' · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 5.7 [2.26, 14.38] | 4 studies · 640 participants | High |
Topiramate vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ difficulty with concentration/concentration impaired/concentration‐attention difficulties · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 7.81 [2.08, 29.29] | 6 studies · 702 participants | Moderate |
Tiagabine vs placebo control 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (Intention‐to‐treat analysis) · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.97, 5.07] | 3 studies · 769 participants | High |
Tiagabine vs placebo control Treatment withdrawal · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.81 [1.25, 2.62] | 3 studies · 769 participants | Moderate |
Tiagabine vs placebo control Dizziness · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [1.13, 2.51] | 3 studies · 769 participants | Moderate |
Tiagabine vs placebo control Fatigue · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.89, 2.14] | 3 studies · 769 participants | Moderate |
Tiagabine vs placebo control Nausea · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.69, 2.22] | 3 studies · 769 participants | Low |
Tiagabine vs placebo control Somnolence · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.76, 1.83] | 3 studies · 769 participants | Moderate |
Tiagabine vs placebo control Tremor · People with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Tiagabine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.56 [1, 20.94] | 1 study · 297 participants | Low |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (time to treatment failure) Time to treatment failure (any reason related to treatment)All participants Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 0.94 [0.7, 1.26] | 3 studies · 546 participants | Moderate |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (time to treatment failure) Time to treatment failure (any reason related to treatment) Subgroup: focal onset seizures Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13] | 3 studies · 428 participants | Moderate |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (time to treatment failure) Time to treatment failure (any reason related to treatment) Subgroup: generalisedonset tonic clonic seizures Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 2.38 [1.04, 5.47] | 2 studies · 118 participants | Low |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to first seizure after randomisationAll participants Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.15 [0.94, 1.4] | 4 studies · 582 participants | Moderate |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to first seizure after randomisation Subgroup: focal onset seizures Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.13 [0.89, 1.43] | 4 studies · 432 participants | Moderate |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to first seizure after randomisationSubgroup: generalisedonset tonic clonic seizures Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.19 [0.81, 1.75] | 3 studies · 150 participants | Low |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to achieve 12‐month remissionAll participants Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1 [0.79, 1.26] | 3 studies · 551 participants | Moderate |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to achieve 12‐month remissionSubgroup: focal onset seizures Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 1.06 [0.8, 1.42] | 3 studies · 430 participants | Moderate |
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin (secondary outcomes) Time to achieve 12‐month remissionSubgroup: generalisedonset tonic clonic seizures Range of · adults and children with new‐onset focal or generalised epilepsy Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review (2019) · Cochrane | HR 0.88 [0.58, 1.33] | 2 studies · 121 participants | Low |
Clobazam vs Placebo 50% reduction in seizure frequency · children or adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy Clobazam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 47 participants | Very low |
Clobazam vs Placebo Seizure Freedom · children or adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy Clobazam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 175 participants | Very low |
Clobazam vs Placebo Treatment withdrawal · children or adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy Clobazam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 197 participants | Very low |
Clobazam vs Placebo Treatment withdrawal due to adverse events · children or adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy Clobazam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 150 participants | Very low |
Clobazam vs Placebo 50% reduction in generalised‐onset seizure frequency Not measured · children or adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy Clobazam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Clobazam vs Placebo 50% reduction in focal‐onset seizure frequency Not measured · children or adults with drug‐resistant epilepsy Clobazam add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
IVIg vs placebo Seizure freedom · patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy Intravenous immunoglobulins for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
IVIg vs placebo Satisfactory seizure control 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency for drug‐resistant epilepsy · patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy Intravenous immunoglobulins for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.89 [0.85, 4.21] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
IVIg vs placebo Incidence of adverse or harmful effects · patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy Intravenous immunoglobulins for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
IVIg vs placebo Global assessment · patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy Intravenous immunoglobulins for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.29 [1.13, 9.57] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Losigamone vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · people with focal epilepsy Losigamone add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.76 [1.14, 2.72] | 2 studies · 467 participants | Moderate |
Losigamone vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · people with focal epilepsy Losigamone add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.16 [1.28, 3.67] | 2 studies · 467 participants | Moderate |
Losigamone vs placebo The proportion of participants experiencing any adverse events · people with focal epilepsy Losigamone add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [1, 1.8] | 2 studies · 467 participants | Moderate |
Losigamone vs placebo Adverse event (dizziness) · people with focal epilepsy Losigamone add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.82 [1.69, 8.64] | 2 studies · 467 participants | Moderate |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo Complete cessation of seizures during · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 11.14 [0.67, 184.47] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo Mean seizure frequency · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo Time‐to‐treatment withdrawal · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo Adverse effects: total number of participants experiencing one or more adverse effects · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.44, 1.64] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo Adverse effects: somnolence · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.4 [0.42, 27.59] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo Quality of life · patients between 3 to 15 months of age with West syndrome Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Proportion free from seizures at 1 year · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 9.78 [4.73, 20.21] | 2 studies · 196 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion free from all seizures (including auras) at 1 year · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 15 [2.08, 108.23] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Proportion free from seizures (Engel Class 1 or 1A) at 1 year and at 5 years · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Intervention NR P roportion with remission of seizures (at least Engel Class IB) between 25 and 36 months · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.99] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion free from seizures (Engel Class 1) at 1 year · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.76, 1.7] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion free from seizures (Engel Class 1) at 2 years · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.85, 1.76] | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Proportion free from all seizures (including auras, ILAE 1a) at 1 year · adults and children with drug‐resistant epilepsy suitable for surgical intervention Surgery for epilepsy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.59, 1.46] | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |