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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication
current versionsNo studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Health outcome (Number who had a medical complication of pelvic inflammatory disease) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.61, 2.13] | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Health outcomes: Drug misuse and dependence CAGE screening tool. Scale from 0 to 4. Higher score indicates greater probability of drug misuse or dependence · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 329 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Medication side effects Mean adverse self‐medication behaviour score (lower scores indicate safer self‐medication behaviour). Scale from: 0 to 40. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education and a co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone Self‐efficacy Self‐efficacy rating scale (higher score indicates greater self‐efficacy). Scale from: 1 to 5. · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Medication side effects ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs no education or usual care Self‐efficacy Self‐efficacy for medication adherence (higher score indicates greater self‐efficacy, scale not reported) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 343 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Knowledge (number whose knowledge score improved) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.59, 1.09] | 1 study · 162 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: multimedia education vs written education Number who improved on skill (global inhaler technique rating) · patients taking prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications or their carers Multimedia educational interventions for consumers about prescribed and over‐the‐counter medications (2013) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [1.33, 3.44] | 2 studies · 164 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Discrimination (i) not registering to attend focus group with people with schizophrenia (immediate) · General public or any of its constituent groups (excluding groups comprising solely of people with mental ill health) Mass media interventions for reducing mental health‐related stigma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1196 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Prejudice Multiple scales4 · General public or any of its constituent groups (excluding groups comprising solely of people with mental ill health) Mass media interventions for reducing mental health‐related stigma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 3176 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cost (i) Audiovisual public service announcement (ii) a) CD‐ROM b) printed manual (iii) magazine article · General public or any of its constituent groups (excluding groups comprising solely of people with mental ill health) Mass media interventions for reducing mental health‐related stigma (2013) · Cochrane | 250 | 3 studies · 416 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Unforeseen adverse effects · General public or any of its constituent groups (excluding groups comprising solely of people with mental ill health) Mass media interventions for reducing mental health‐related stigma (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 455 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Overall effect (i.e. irrespective of screening result) · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2782 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum‐negative group · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2673 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum‐positive group · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 109 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Other outcomes · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health‐seeking behaviour · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Patient's evaluation of the intervention (including perceptions of safety) · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Harms & adverse effects · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Costs · Pregnant women undergoing prenatal serum screening for Down syndrome Mobile phone messaging for communicating results of medical investigations (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health outcomes · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Other outcomes · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health service utilisation · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cost · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Satisfaction, anxiety and confidence during pregnancy · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pregnancy outcomes · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Health behaviour outcomes · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Smoking cessation · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1705 participants | High |
Intervention NR Vitamin C adherence · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 99 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Healthy behaviour in children · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acceptability · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · Various (pregnant women; daily smokers aged 16 and older; university students; children aged 5‐13) Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1705 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Health outcomes: Glycaemic control (HbA1c) · Patients with long‐term illnesses Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self‐management of long‐term illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 88 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Health outcomes: Variety of measures · Patients with long‐term illnesses Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self‐management of long‐term illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 142 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Capacity to self‐manage the condition: Management and knowledge of diabetes · Patients with long‐term illnesses Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self‐management of long‐term illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Capacity to self‐manage the condition: Treatment compliance · Patients with long‐term illnesses Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self‐management of long‐term illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 142 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Participants' evaluation of the intervention · Patients with long‐term illnesses Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self‐management of long‐term illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 72 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Health service utilisation · Patients with long‐term illnesses Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self‐management of long‐term illnesses (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 75 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Patient's understanding · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Healthcare professional participants Health professional outcome · Physicians Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Healthcare professional participants Harms · Physicians Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email counselling vs telephone counselling Patient health status and wellbeing · Adults (25‐60 years) Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email counselling vs telephone counselling Patient behaviours and actions · Adults (25‐60 years) Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email counselling vs telephone counselling Health service outcomes · Adults (25‐60 years) Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email counselling vs telephone counselling Health professional outcomes · Adults (25‐60 years) Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: Email counselling vs telephone counselling Harms · Adults (25‐60 years) Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 105 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Patient health status and wellbeing · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 147 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Email as additional communication method vs standard methods: Patient participants Patient/caregiver views · Healthcare usersa Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 90 participants | Very low |