Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,751 questions · 12,775 findings · 807 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 3,413 · 26.7%GRADE not reported 709 · 5.5%Very low 3,483 · 27.3%Low 3,165 · 24.8%Moderate 1,628 · 12.7%High 377 · 3%

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Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Trauma‐related symptoms ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Psychological well‐being (secondary outcome) Not addressed · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood
1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Substance use ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parent relationship quality ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parental self‐harm ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parent–child relationship ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parenting skills; postintervention · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment

Improvement in vertigo frequency · Ménière’s disease

It is very uncertain whether betahistine changes improvement in vertigo frequency compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review