Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,815 questions · 6,211 findings · 638 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,052 · 16.9%GRADE not reported 441 · 7.1%Very low 1,700 · 27.4%Low 1,651 · 26.6%Moderate 1,070 · 17.2%High 297 · 4.8%

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Morphine vs methadone

Adverse events (treatment related) To discharge · newborn infants with opioid withdrawal

Morphine showed no clear difference in adverse events (treatment related) To discharge compared with methadone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioid treatment for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.02]
1 study · 116 participants
Low

Morphine vs methadone

Treatment failure To discharge · newborn infants with opioid withdrawal

Morphine showed no clear difference in treatment failure To discharge compared with methadone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioid treatment for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.59 [0.95, 2.67]
2 studies · 147 participants
Low

Morphine vs methadone

Seizures · newborn infants with opioid withdrawal

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioid treatment for opioid withdrawal in newborn infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Atovaquone‐proguanil vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)

Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · children and adults

Atovaquone‐proguanil showed no clear difference in total failure day 28 PCR‐adjusted compared with artemether‐lumefantrine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Atovaquone‐proguanil for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5 [0.25, 99.95]
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Atovaquone‐proguanil vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)

Total failure day 42 PCR‐unadjusted · children and adults

Atovaquone‐proguanil showed no clear difference in total failure day 42 PCR‐unadjusted compared with artemether‐lumefantrine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Atovaquone‐proguanil for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5 [0.25, 99.95]
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Atovaquone‐proguanil vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)

Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · children and adults

Atovaquone‐proguanil showed no clear difference in total failure day 42 PCR‐adjusted compared with artemether‐lumefantrine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Atovaquone‐proguanil for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3 [0.19, 47.12]
1 study · 208 participants
Low

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Cramp frequency (number of cramps in preceding week) (after 6 weeks) · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Adverse events · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Moderate

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Cramp severity (0 to 10 VAS; higher = more pain) (after 6 weeks) · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Proportion of participants experiencing cramps · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Health‐related quality of life · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Quality of sleep · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf, quadriceps, and hamstring stretching vs no stretching

Activities of daily living · 50‐ to 60‐year‐old women with metabolic syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Gefitinib vs pemetrexed + carboplatin with pemetrexed maintenance

Overall survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC

Gefitinib showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with pemetrexed + carboplatin with pemetrexed maintenance (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous non‐small cell… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.84 [0.63, 1.11]
2 studies · 371 participants
Moderate

Gefitinib vs pemetrexed + carboplatin with pemetrexed maintenance

Progression‐free survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC

Gefitinib probably leads to lower progression‐free survival compared with pemetrexed + carboplatin with pemetrexed maintenance (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous non‐small cell… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.59 [0.46, 0.74]
2 studies · 371 participants
Moderate

Capecitabine‐containing regimens vs chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine

Overall survival: Median length of · people with metastatic breast cancer

Capecitabine‐containing regimens showed no clear difference in overall survival (OS)median compared with chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Capecitabine for hormone receptor‐positive versus hormone receptor‐negative breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.01 [0.98, 1.05]
12 studies · 4325 participants
High

Capecitabine‐containing regimens vs chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine

OS: hormone receptor‐positivemedian · people with metastatic breast cancer

Capecitabine‐containing regimens showed no clear difference in OS: hormone receptor‐positivemedian compared with chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Capecitabine for hormone receptor‐positive versus hormone receptor‐negative breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.9 [0.8, 1.02]
6 studies · 1565 participants
High

Capecitabine‐containing regimens vs chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine

OS: hormone receptor‐negativemedian · people with metastatic breast cancer

Capecitabine‐containing regimens showed no clear difference in OS: hormone receptor‐negativemedian compared with chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Capecitabine for hormone receptor‐positive versus hormone receptor‐negative breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.05 [0.91, 1.2]
7 studies · 1408 participants
High

Capecitabine‐containing regimens vs chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine

Progression‐free survival · people with metastatic breast cancer

Capecitabine‐containing regimens probably leads to lower progression‐free survival (PFS)median compared with chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Capecitabine for hormone receptor‐positive versus hormone receptor‐negative breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.89 [0.83, 0.96]
12 studies · 4325 participants
Moderate

Capecitabine‐containing regimens vs chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine

PFS: hormone receptor‐positivemedian · people with metastatic breast cancer

Capecitabine‐containing regimens probably leads to lower PFS: hormone receptor‐positivemedian compared with chemotherapy regimens without capecitabine (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Capecitabine for hormone receptor‐positive versus hormone receptor‐negative breast cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 0.77 [0.68, 0.87]
6 studies · 1372 participants
Moderate