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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
780 questions in 55 reviews · Public Health
current versionsNo studies 162 · 20.8%Ungraded 52 · 6.7%Very low 231 · 29.6%Low 191 · 24.5%Moderate 122 · 15.6%High 22 · 2.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Potential harms (high‐energy snack foods consumed with misleading low fat/energy labels in laboratory settings) · university students/staff and general consumers Nutritional labelling for healthier food or non‐alcoholic drink purchasing and consumption (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 831 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR T1 maternal mental health CES‐D (mean score)a · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 3352 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T1 child health (mother reported) · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2762 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T2 child health (mother reported) · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 7195 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T3 child health (mother reported) · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 8083 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T2 maternal mental health CES‐D (mean score)a · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 7091 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T3 maternal mental health CES‐D (mean score)a · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 8873 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T1 maternal self‐rated health % in poor health. Event defined as poor health · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.54, 1.36] | 1 study · 311 participants | Low |
Intervention NR T2 maternal self‐rated health % in good or excellent health. Event defined as good/excellent health · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.95, 1.18] | 2 studies · 2551 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T3 maternal self‐rated health % in good or very good health. Event defined as good/excellent health · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.04] | 1 study · 1854 participants | Low |
Intervention NR T1 child mental health Behavioural Problems Index (mean score)a · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2762 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T2 child mental health Behavior Problems Index, Behavior Problems Scale, Survey Diagnostic Instrument Conduct Disorder (mean score)a · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 7560 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR T3 child mental health Behaviour Problems Index, Behaviour Problems Scale, Problem Behaviour Scale (mean score)a · lone parents Welfare‐to‐work interventions and their effects on the mental and physical health of lone parents and their… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3643 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Tobacco use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.28 [0.75, 2.19] | 2 studies · 521 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Alcohol use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.58, 1.11] | 4 studies · 1911 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cannabis use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.46, 1.04] | 2 studies · 362 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Illicit drug use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Antisocial behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.62, 1.69] | 1 study · 200 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Sexual risk behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.14, 1.25] | 1 study · 162 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Physical activity · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.74, 1.67] | 2 studies · 1530 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Tobacco use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.4, 1.53] | 2 studies · 313 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Alcohol use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.47, 1.46] | 3 studies · 417 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cannabis use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.52, 2.02] | 3 studies · 380 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Illicit drug use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.42, 1.31] | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Alcohol use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.8, 1.31] | 4 studies · 1204 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Antisocial behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.57, 1.24] | 5 studies · 772 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Sexual risk behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.55, 1.44] | 3 studies · 371 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Physical activity · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.29, 1.79] | 1 study · 61 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Tobacco use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alcohol use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cannabis use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Illicit drug use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.75 [0.53, 1.06] | 3 studies · 2454 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Antisocial behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.59, 1.05] | 3 studies · 1531 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Sexual risk behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Physical activity · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cannabis use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.1 [0.69, 1.76] | 2 studies · 126 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Tobacco use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.77 [0.6, 0.97] | 9 studies · 15354 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Alcohol use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.56, 0.92] | 8 studies · 8751 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cannabis use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.62, 1.01] | 5 studies · 4140 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Illicit drug use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.5, 1.07] | 5 studies · 10266 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Antisocial behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.79 [0.64, 0.97] | 11 studies · 17722 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Sexual risk behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.84 [0.63, 1.13] | 6 studies · 12633 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Physical activity · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.32 [1.16, 1.5] | 4 studies · 6441 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Illicit drug use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.71, 1.25] | 3 studies · 638 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Antisocial behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.21 [0.92, 1.6] | 4 studies · 764 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Vehicle‐related risk behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.59 [0.14, 2.48] | 2 studies · 94 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Sexual risk behaviour · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.73 [0.49, 1.08] | 2 studies · 494 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Physical activity · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Tobacco use · children and young people aged 0 to 18 years Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.32, 3.27] | 2 studies · 1549 participants | Low |
Provision of maize flour or maize flour products fortified with iron plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified maize flours or maize flour products Anaemia (defined as haemoglobin (Hb) below WHO cut‐off, adjusted for altitude and smoking, as appropriate) · general population older than 2 years of age (including pregnant women), in Kenya and Mexico Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.58, 1.4] | 2 studies · 1027 participants | Very low |