Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,520 questions · 1,575 findings · 175 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 239 · 15.2%GRADE not reported 59 · 3.7%Very low 337 · 21.4%Low 406 · 25.8%Moderate 410 · 26%High 124 · 7.9%

Antivirals plus corticosteroids vs corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment

Incomplete recovery at end of study № of participants: 766 (3 RCTs) · Bell's palsy

Antivirals plus corticosteroids showed no clear difference in incomplete recovery at end of study № of participants: 766 (3 RCTs) compared with corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment (AS versus OS) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antivirals plus corticosteroids vs corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment

Motor synkinesis or crocodile tears № of participants: 469 (2 RCTs) · Bell's palsy

Antivirals plus corticosteroids probably leads to lower motor synkinesis or crocodile tears № of participants: 469 (2 RCTs) compared with corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment (AS versus OS) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antivirals plus corticosteroids vs corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment

Adverse events № of participants: 656 (2 RCTs) · Bell's palsy

It is very uncertain whether antivirals plus corticosteroids changes adverse events № of participants: 656 (2 RCTs) compared with corticosteroids plus placebo or no treatment (AS versus OS) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Increased vs stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids

Treatment failure ‐ need for systemic corticosteroids (ITT) · adults and children with chronic asthma

Increased showed no clear difference in treatment failure: need for systemic corticosteroids (ITT) compared with stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Increased vs stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids

Treatment failure ‐ need for systemic corticosteroids (of those starting inhaler) · adults and children with chronic asthma

It is very uncertain whether increased changes treatment failure: need for systemic corticosteroids (of those… compared with stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to lower end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher total remission (complete or partial) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in 100% increase in serum creatinine at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids may leads to higher adverse events ‐ temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events: malignancy · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ malignancy at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids showed no clear difference in total remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids showed no clear difference in complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids vs placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether calcineurin inhibitors ± steroids changes 100% increase in SCr at final compared with placebo/no treatment/supportive treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review