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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,550 questions · 1,617 findings · 161 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 238 · 14.7%GRADE not reported 76 · 4.7%Very low 377 · 23.3%Low 567 · 35.1%Moderate 285 · 17.6%High 74 · 4.6%

Intervention not reported

Hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid boluses), occurring during the procedure No. of participants: 124(1 RCT) · Procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Salbutamol vs placebo/no treatment

Need for continuous positive airway pressure (yes/no) · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

It is very uncertain whether salbutamol changes need for continuous positive airway pressure (yes/no) compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids vs no treatment or placebo

Need for nasal continuous positive airway pressure · patients with the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn

It is very uncertain whether inhaled corticosteroids changes need for nasal continuous positive airway pressure compared with no treatment or placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Premedication given ‐ no premedication given: first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in premedication given ‐ no premedication given: first intubation… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

NIPS score in term and preterm infants Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

DAN score during venipuncture (preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

PIPP 30 s after heel lance (term and preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) vs S‐LE

Rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) · Parenterally fed preterm infants
2 findings from 2 reviews · compare the 2 reviews

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) vs S‐LE

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · Parenterally fed preterm infants

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) showed no clear difference in any BPD – OS‐LE vs S‐LE (sensitivity analysis) compared with soybean oil‐based LE (S‐LE) (low certainty).

2 findings from 2 reviews · compare the 2 reviews