Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,000 questions in 69 reviews · Urology
current versionsNo studies 196 · 19.6%Ungraded 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Major postoperative complications · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.76, 1.48] | 5 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Minor postoperative complications · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.58, 1.17] | 4 studies · 423 participants | Very low |
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Transfusion rate · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.43, 0.8] | 2 studies · 326 participants | Moderate |
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Hospital stay assessed in days · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Quality of life (higher scores indicate better quality of life) · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Robotic‐assisted laparoscopic vs open radical cystectomy Positive margins assessed through pathological evaluation of cystectomy specimen · bladder cancer in adults Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.56, 2.4] | 5 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Physical activity vs watchful waiting Symptom score for LUTS · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 91 participants | Very low |
Physical activity vs alpha‐blockers Symptom score for LUTS · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Physical activity vs alpha‐blockers Response rate · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.55, 1.15] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Physical activity vs alpha‐blockers Withdrawal due to adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.06, 12.89] | 1 study · 41 participants | Low |
Physical activity vs watchful waiting Response rate · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.81, 4.02] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Physical activity vs watchful waiting Withdrawal due to adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.59, 1.69] | 1 study · 56 participants | Very low |
Physical activity as part of self‐management programme vs watchful waiting Symptom score for LUTS · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 362 participants | Very low |
Physical activity as part of self‐management programme vs watchful waiting Response rate · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.36 [1.32, 4.21] | 2 studies · 362 participants | Very low |
Physical activity as part of self‐management programme vs watchful waiting Withdrawal due to adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 362 participants | Very low |
Physical activity as part of weight reduction programme vs watchful waiting Symptom score for LUTS · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 117 participants | Very low |
Physical activity as part of weight reduction programme vs watchful waiting Response rate · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.74, 1.94] | 1 study · 117 participants | Very low |
Physical activity as part of weight reduction programme vs watchful waiting Withdrawal due to adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction Physical activity for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.63 [1.03, 2.57] | 1 study · 130 participants | Very low |
Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotics Systemic UTI · people undergoing cystoscopy Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.38, 3.32] | 5 studies · 504 participants | Low |
Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotics Symptomatic UTI · people undergoing cystoscopy Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.28, 0.86] | 11 studies · 5441 participants | Low |
Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotics Serious adverse events · people undergoing cystoscopy Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 630 participants | Very low |
Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotics Minor adverse events · people undergoing cystoscopy Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.82 [0.54, 14.8] | 4 studies · 630 participants | Low |
Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotics Localized UTI · people undergoing cystoscopy Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.77] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotics Bacterial resistance · people undergoing cystoscopy Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [1.04, 2.87] | 2 studies · 38 participants | Very low |
Alpha blockers vs placebo Prostatitis symptoms · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1524 participants | Very low |
5‐alpha reductase inhibitors vs placebo Adverse events · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.33, 2.3] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Low |
5‐alpha reductase inhibitors vs placebo Sexual dysfunction ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
5‐alpha reductase inhibitors vs placebo Quality of life ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
5‐alpha reductase inhibitors vs placebo Anxiety and depression ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotic therapy vs placebo Prostatitis symptoms · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 372 participants | Low |
Antibiotic therapy vs placebo Prostatitis symptoms: 'responders' Number of participants with a 25% or 6‐point decrease in NIH‐CPSI scores Follo‐up: range 6 weeks to 3 months · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.73, 1.74] | 2 studies · 178 participants | Low |
Antibiotic therapy vs placebo Adverse events · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.66, 1.55] | 4 studies · 336 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic therapy vs placebo Sexual dysfunction · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic therapy vs placebo Quality of life · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotic therapy vs placebo Anxiety and depression ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alpha blockers vs placebo Prostatitis symptoms · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 253 participants | Very low |
Anti‐inflammatories vs control Prostatitis symptoms · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 585 participants | Low |
Anti‐inflammatories vs control Prostatitis symptoms: 'responders' Number of participants with a 25% or 6‐point decrease in NIH‐CPSI scores · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.68, 3.03] | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Anti‐inflammatories vs control Adverse events · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.81, 2] | 7 studies · 540 participants | Low |
Anti‐inflammatories vs control Sexual dysfunction ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anti‐inflammatories vs control Quality of life ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anti‐inflammatories vs control Anxiety and depression ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phytotherapy vs placebo or other agents Prostatitis symptoms · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Phytotherapy vs placebo or other agents Prostatitis symptoms: 'responders' Number of participants with a 25% or 6‐point decrease in NIH‐CPSI scores · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.25, 2.52] | 3 studies · 224 participants | Moderate |
Phytotherapy vs placebo or other agents Adverse events · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.54, 2.36] | 7 studies · 540 participants | Low |
Phytotherapy vs placebo or other agents Sexual dysfunction · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Alpha blockers vs placebo Prostatitis symptoms: 'responders' Number of participants with a 25% or 6‐point decrease in NIH‐CPSI scores · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.94, 1.61] | 7 studies · 721 participants | Very low |
Phytotherapy vs placebo or other agents Quality of life ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phytotherapy vs placebo or other agents Anxiety and depression ‐ not reported · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Botulinum toxin A vs placebo Prostatitis symptoms Subgroup: Intraprostatic injection, participants age > 50 years old, basal NIH‐CPSI score > 30 · men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |