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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: CBT vs TAU Pain intensity at · Adults with chronic pain (excluding headache) Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 1674 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Total studies: 55* Total participants: 3758 No. interventions in network: 21 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 55 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Talc poudrage (4 RCTs; 553 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 553 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Bleomycin (14 RCTs; 774 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 774 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IPC – not daily drainage (1 RCT; 101 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Doxycycline (4 RCTs; 308 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Placebo (2 RCTs; 118 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total studies: 31* Total participants: 2753 No. interventions in network: 14 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Talc slurry (9 RCTs, 1320 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1320 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Talc poudrage (4 RCTs, 886 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 886 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Bleomycin (13 RCTs, 724 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 724 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IPC – not daily drainage (6 RCTs, 738 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 738 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Talc slurry (19 RCTs, 907 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 907 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Doxycycline (4 RCTs, 308 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Placebo · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention Total studies: 4* Total participants: 379 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Talc slurry (2 RCTs, 248 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 248 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Talc poudrage (1 RCT, 184 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 184 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Bleomycin (1 RCT, 35 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR IPC –not daily drainage (2 RCTs, 160 participants) VAS scores at 42 days and 180 days · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Doxycycline · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Placebo · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Total studies: 31* Total participants: 2816 No. interventions in network: 15 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Talc poudrage (9 RCTs, 530 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 530 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Talc slurry (13 RCTs, 1574 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1574 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Talc poudrage (7 RCTs, 878 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 878 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Bleomycin (9 RCTs, 664 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 664 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IPC – not daily drainage 6 RCTs, 587 participants · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 587 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Doxycycline (1 RCT, 80 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Placebo · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention Total studies: 9 Total participants: 883 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Talc slurry (8 RCTs, 850 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 850 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Talc poudrage (2 RCTs, 380 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 380 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Bleomycin (1 RCT, 33 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Bleomycin (21 RCTs, 528 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 21 studies · 528 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IPC –not daily drainage (3 RCTs, 343 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 343 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Doxycycline · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Placebo · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR IPC –not daily drainage (6 RCTs, 405 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 405 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Doxycycline (5 RCTs, 117 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 117 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Placebo (4 RCTs, 159 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 159 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Total studies: 30 * Total participants: 2004 No. interventions in network: 14 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Talc slurry (9 RCTs; 823 participants) · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline,… Interventions for the management of malignant pleural effusions: a network meta‐analysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 823 participants | Low |
Virtual reality distraction vs no distraction Acute pain intensity: self‐report (during procedure) · children (0 to 18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Virtual reality distraction vs non‐VR distraction Acute pain intensity: behavioural measurement (observer‐report) (during procedure) · children (0 to 18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 106 participants | Low |
Virtual reality distraction vs non‐VR distraction Acute pain intensity: self‐report (post‐procedure) · children (0 to 18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 575 participants | Very low |
Virtual reality distraction vs non‐VR distraction Acute pain intensity: observer‐report (post‐procedure) · children (0 to 18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 187 participants | Low |
Virtual reality distraction vs non‐VR distraction Acute pain intensity: behavioural measurement (observer‐report) (post‐procedure) · children (0 to 18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 106 participants | Low |
Virtual reality distraction vs non‐VR distraction Adverse effects (related to engagement with VR) · children (0 to 18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 429 participants | Very low |
Virtual reality distraction vs other VR distraction Acute pain intensity: self‐report (during procedure) · children (0‐18 years) Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |