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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs glucose (any concentration, any dose) PIPP scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs glucose (any concentration, any dose) PIPP scores at 60 seconds after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs breastfeeding PIPP scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (term and preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs breastfeeding COMFORTneo scores after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 6 to 30e · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs expressed breast milk PIPP‐R scores during heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21a,b · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs expressed breast milk PIPP‐R scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs expressed breast milk PIPP‐R scores at 60 seconds after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs expressed breast milk DAN scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 10 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs control (water, placebo, or no intervention) PIPP scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 227 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs laser acupuncture NIPS scores during heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 7a,b · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs facilitated tucking BPSN scores during heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 27a,b · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs facilitated tucking BPSN scores during recovery after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 27a,e · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water PIPP scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing ‐ Lancing #1 (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 151 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water PIPP scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing ‐ Lancing #2 (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 144 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water PIPP scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing ‐ Lancing #3 (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water PIPP scores at 60 seconds after heel lancing ‐ Lancing #1 (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 154 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water PIPP scores at 60 seconds after heel lancing ‐ Lancing #2 (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 143 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs skin to skin care + water PIPP scores at 60 seconds after heel lancing ‐ Lancing #3 (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs control (water, placebo, or no intervention) PIPP scores at 30 seconds after lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 18 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 192 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs control (water, placebo, or no intervention) PIPP scores at 60 seconds after lancing (preterm and term infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 164 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs control (water, placebo, or no intervention) DAN scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 10 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs control (water, placebo, or no intervention) NIPS scores immediately after heel lance (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 7i,j · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs NNS PIPP scores during recovery after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21a,b · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) vs NNS DAN scores at 30 seconds after heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 10 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) + NNS vs NNS (with or without water) PIPP scores during heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21a,b · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs tramadol Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged three to five years · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs tramadol Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs tramadol All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.59, 1.64] | 1 study · 171 participants | Very low |
Fentanyl vs tramadol Severe retinopathy of prematurity (defined as stage 3 or greater) · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs tramadol Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 or greater) on cranial ultrasound, as per Papile classification · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs paracetamol Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs paracetamol Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs paracetamol Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged three to five years · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs paracetamol Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs paracetamol All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs paracetamol Severe retinopathy of prematurity (defined as stage 3 or greater) · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs paracetamol Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 or greater) on cranial ultrasound, as per Papile classification · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged three to five years · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.7] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo Severe retinopathy of prematurity (defined as stage 3 or greater) · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 or greater) on cranial ultrasound, as per Papile classification · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs tramadol Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs tramadol Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Proportion of infants who achieve seizure control after the first loading dose of ASM · neonates with EEG‐confirmed seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.32 [1.63, 3.3] | 1 study · 106 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Mortality or neurodevelopment disability at 18 to 24 months' corrected age ‐ not reported · clinically diagnosed neonatal seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Mortality before hospital discharge · clinically diagnosed neonatal seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.82, 2.43] | 6 studies · 452 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Phenobarbital vs levetiracetam Requirement of mechanical ventilation · clinically diagnosed neonatal seizures Anti‐seizure medications for neonates with seizures (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.2 [0.5, 9.68] | 5 studies · 394 participants | Very low |