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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Faecalibacterium · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Parabacteroides · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Bifidobacteria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Ruminococcus · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Prevotella · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prebiotic vs placebo or no treatment Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment eGFR (mL/min) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Synbiotic vs prebiotic eGFR (mL/min) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Albuminuria (g/dL) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Proteinuria (mg/dL) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Indoxyl sulfate (mg/dL) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Change in any GI upset or intolerance (abdominal pain/diarrhoea) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.21, 21.22] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Change in any GI upset or intolerance (constipation) · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.18 [0.14, 72.75] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Microbiota composition · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Graft function · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs placebo or no treatment Graft infection · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotic vs prebiotic Albuminuria or proteinuria · people with CKD Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Urinary catheter removal < 5 days postoperatively vs urinary catheter removal ≥ 5 days postoperatively Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria · postoperative kidney transplant patients Early versus late removal of urinary catheter after kidney transplantation (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.17, 4.57] | 2 studies · 197 participants | Very low |
Urinary catheter removal < 5 days postoperatively vs urinary catheter removal ≥ 5 days postoperatively Incidence of symptomatic UTI · postoperative kidney transplant patients Early versus late removal of urinary catheter after kidney transplantation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Urinary catheter removal < 5 days postoperatively vs urinary catheter removal ≥ 5 days postoperatively Incidence of major urological complications · postoperative kidney transplant patients Early versus late removal of urinary catheter after kidney transplantation (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low protein diet vs usual or unrestricted protein diet Death (any cause) · adults with DKD Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44] | 5 studies · 358 participants | Low |
Low protein diet vs usual or unrestricted protein diet Kidney failure · adults with DKD Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59] | 4 studies · 287 participants | Low |
Low protein diet vs usual or unrestricted protein diet Change in GFR · adults with DKD Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 367 participants | Very low |
Low protein diet vs usual or unrestricted protein diet Change in 24‐hour urinary protein excretion · adults with DKD Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Low protein diet vs usual or unrestricted protein diet Malnutrition · adults with DKD Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 471 participants | Ungraded |
Steroids vs no specific treatment Complete remission Time frame: to 77 months · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.95, 2.19] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Intravenous ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse events: thromboses · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 4.75] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Intravenous ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse events: gastrointestinal bleeding · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.15, 0.4] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete remission Time frame: 2 to 6 months · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.93, 1.05] | 8 studies · 492 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete or partial remission time frame: 3 to 6 months · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.96, 1.05] | 4 studies · 269 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Relapse Time frame: 6 to 12 months · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.51, 1.03] | 7 studies · 422 participants | Moderate |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse effects: diabetes or hyperglycaemia · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.19, 1.25] | 7 studies · 450 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse effects: obesity or Cushing's Syndrome · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.02, 0.59] | 5 studies · 388 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse effects: hypertension · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.23, 3.2] | 3 studies · 219 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse events: acute kidney injury · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [0.35, 8.99] | 4 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Calcineurin inhibitors ± oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse effects: acne · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.03, 0.67] | 4 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Steroids vs no specific treatment Complete or partial remission Time frame: to 77 months · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.98, 1.95] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete remission Time frame: 4 weeks · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.84, 1.5] | 1 study · 114 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete remission Time frame: 24 weeks to end of treatment · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.84, 1.38] | 2 studies · 134 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Complete or partial remission Time frame: 24 weeks to end of treatment · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.75, 1.12] | 2 studies · 134 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Relapse Time frame: 24 weeks · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.08, 2.25] | 2 studies · 80 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse events: death · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.12, 3.84] | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse events: acute kidney injury · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.36] | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate sodium + oral steroids vs oral steroids alone Adverse events: new‐onset glucose intolerance · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.08] | 2 studies · 136 participants | Low |
Steroids vs no specific treatment Relapse during · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.48, 1.17] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Steroids vs no specific treatment Adverse events: avascular necrosis · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 67.91] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Steroids vs no specific treatment Adverse events: doubling serum creatinine · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.89] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Steroids vs no specific treatment Adverse events: kidney failure · minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.55] | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |