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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Norethisterone vs placebo Change in seizure frequency · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 participants | Very low |
Norethisterone vs placebo Number of withdrawals from the study · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 24 participants | Very low |
Norethisterone vs placebo Adverse events · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 participants | Very low |
Norethisterone vs placebo Quality of life · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Progesterone vs placebo Seizure freedom: all seizures · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4.03 [0.21, 76.21] | 1 study · 130 participants | Low |
Progesterone vs placebo Responder rate: 50% or greater reduction in all seizures · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.56, 2.32] | 1 study · 130 participants | Moderate |
Progesterone vs placebo Change in seizure frequency · women with seizures due to catamenial epilepsy Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual‐related) epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 166 participants | Low |
Zonisamide vs placebo 50% responder rate (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [1.6, 2.17] | 7 studies · 1429 participants | Moderate |
Zonisamide vs placebo Withdrawal rates (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.08, 1.93] | 6 studies · 1156 participants | Moderate |
Zonisamide vs placebo Adverse effects: ataxia (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3.85 | 4 studies · 734 participants | Low |
Zonisamide vs placebo Adverse effects: dizziness (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 | 7 studies · 1429 participants | Moderate |
Zonisamide vs placebo Adverse effects: fatigue (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 | 6 studies · 1045 participants | Moderate |
Zonisamide vs placebo Adverse effects: nausea (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 | 5 studies · 805 participants | Moderate |
Zonisamide vs placebo Adverse effects: somnolence (whole treatment period; any dose) · patients with focal epilepsy Zonisamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 | 8 studies · 1636 participants | Moderate |
Levetiracetam vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in focal seizure frequency (responders) intention to treat– all doses · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.37 [2.02, 2.78] | 14 studies · 2455 participants | Moderate |
Levetiracetam vs placebo Treatment withdrawal– all doses · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.89, 1.4] | 13 studies · 2428 participants | High |
Levetiracetam vs placebo Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – somnolence · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [1.19, 2.2] | 13 studies · 2423 participants | Moderate |
Levetiracetam vs placebo Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – headache · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.6, 1.21] | 13 studies · 2423 participants | Low |
Levetiracetam vs placebo Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – dizziness · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.54 [0.99, 2.42] | 13 studies · 2423 participants | Moderate |
Levetiracetam vs placebo Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – fatigue (asthenia) · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.98, 2.38] | 13 studies · 2423 participants | Moderate |
Levetiracetam vs placebo Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – accidental injury · drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Levetiracetam add‐on for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.49, 1.06] | 13 studies · 2423 participants | Low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Seizure freedom (100% reduction in seizure frequency) · children (aged 1 to 18 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.2, 8.35] | 4 studies · 385 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Cognition and behaviour · adults (aged 16 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Quality of life · adults (aged 16 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Treatment withdrawal · adults (aged 16 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5.38 [0.42, 69.53] | 2 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Seizure freedom (100% reduction in seizure frequency) · children (aged 4 months to 16 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 286 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Seizure reduction (50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency) · children (aged 4 months to 16 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 286 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Adverse effects · children (aged 4 months to 16 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 286 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Cognition and behaviour · children (aged 4 months to 16 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Quality of life · children (aged 4 months to 16 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Attrition rate · children (aged 4 months to 16 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 286 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Seizure freedom (100% reduction in seizure frequency) · adults (aged 18 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · children (aged 1 to 18 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | 5.8 [3.48, 9.65] | 4 studies · 385 participants | Low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Seizure reduction (50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency) · adults (aged 18 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Adverse effects · adults (aged 18 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Cognition and behaviour · adults (aged 18 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Quality of life · adults (aged 18 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ketogenic diets (KDs) vs other KDs Attrition rate · adults (aged 18 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Adverse effects · children (aged 1 to 18 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 425 participants | Low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Cognition and behaviour · children (aged 1 to 18 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Quality of life · children (aged 1 to 18 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | OR 16 | 1 study · 57 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Treatment withdrawal · children (aged 1 to 18 years) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.74, 1.57] | 5 studies · 425 participants | Low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Seizure freedom · adults (aged 16 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · adults (aged 16 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5.03 [0.26, 97.68] | 2 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care Adverse effects · adults (aged 16 years and over) with drug‐resistant epilepsy Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 141 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Early seizures(number of people with seizures) · people with postcraniotomy seizures Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1539 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Late seizures(number of people with seizures) · people with postcraniotomy seizures Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 798 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death (number of deaths) · people with postcraniotomy seizures Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1016 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Functional outcome (number of people with disabilities) · people with postcraniotomy seizures Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse effects (number of people with adverse events) · people with postcraniotomy seizures Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1165 participants | Low |