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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

current versions
No studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)
Length/height‐for‐age z‐score (L/HAZ)b · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)
Stuntingb · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)
Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.06, 15.48]1 study · 86 participantsLow
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)
Adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialists Time frame: 2.2 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.9, 1.11]2 studies · 126 participantsModerate
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention
Length/height‐for‐age z‐score (L/HAZ) Time frame: 6 months · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 1258 participantsModerate
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)
Adverse effect: hyperphosphataemiab · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s)
Adverse effect: kidney stonesb · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention
Stunting Definition: L/HAZ < ‐2Time frame: 6 months · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
RR 0.9 [0.8, 1.01]1 study · 1247 participantsModerate
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention
Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialistsTime frame: 6.5 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
RR 2.03 [0.28, 14.67]2 studies · 68 participantsModerate
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention
Adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialistsTime frame: 7.5 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
RR 0.82 [0.35, 1.9]2 studies · 367 participantsVery low
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention
Adverse effect: hyperphosphataemiae · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention
Adverse effect: kidney stonese · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose)
Linear growth (length/height) Unit: cm Time frame: 4.2 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 283 participantsVery low
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose)
Length/height‐for‐age z‐score (L/HAZ) Unitless Time frame: 7 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age
Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 105 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
BPD symptom severity Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted22 studies · 1244 participantsModerate
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
Suicide‐related outcomes Measured by: self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 108 participantsVery low
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
Psychosocial functioning Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 219 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
Depression Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted6 studies · 239 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
RR 0.55 [0.2, 1.5]3 studies · 144 participantsVery low
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
Adverse effects (not measured · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
DBT · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
BPD severity Measured by: clinicians Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 149 participantsLow
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Self‐harm Measured by: clinicians Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted7 studies · 376 participantsLow
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Psychosocial functioning Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted6 studies · 225 participantsLow
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
MBT · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Self‐harm (frequency) Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted13 studies · 616 participantsLow
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Suicide‐related outcomes Measured by: clinicians Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
RR 0.1 [0.04, 0.3]3 studies · 218 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Suicide‐related outcomes (suicidality) Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted13 studies · 666 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Psychosocial functioning Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted22 studies · 1314 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Depression Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted22 studies · 1568 participantsVery low
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.83, 1.2]32 studies · 2225 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual
Adverse effects Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
RR 0.92 [0.45, 1.88]2 studies · 381 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
BPD symptom severity Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 161 participantsLow
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment
Self‐harm Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 128 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training
Mobility Measured by: walking speed on a Biodex Gait Trainer 2™ (average speed over 3 × 3 minutes, reported in m/s) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 10 participantsModerate
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training
Quality of life (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III and between 3 and 12 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training
Mobility Measured by: 10‐meter walk test or 8‐meter walk test (walking speed over a short distance; greater speed = greater functional mobility), reported in m/s Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 2 to 12 weeks or postint... · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted7 studies · 161 participantsModerate
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training
Gross motor function Measured by: GMFM‐E (higher score = greater performance), reported as % Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 4 to 12 weeks or postintervention scores at 4 to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 58 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training
Adverse events Measured by: no official measure; instead events are reported from observation Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention reports at 2 to 6 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 56 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training
Participation Measured by: CAPE‐intensity score or WeeFIM score; higher scores = greater participation Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 2 to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 44 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training
Quality of life Measured by: PedsQOL‐CP score (range from 0 to 100; higher scores = better quality of life) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 26 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training
Mobility Measured by: 10‐meter walk test (walking speed over a short distance; greater speed = greater functional mobility) or 6‐minute walk test (distance in meters walked in 6 minutes; greater distance = greater endurance), reported in m/s Timin... · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 78 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training
Gross motor function Measured by: GMFM‐E (higher score = greater performance), reported as % Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention scores at 8 to 10 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 52 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training
Adverse events (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training
Participation Measured by: SFA score (total scores range from 19 to 76; higher scores = greater participation) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 10 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 26 participantsModerate
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training
Gross motor function Measured by: PDMS‐2‐locomotion (higher score = greater performance, reported as score) or mTUG (higher score = greater performance, reported in ‐seconds) Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention scores at 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 60 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training
Quality of life (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training
Adverse events Measured by: no official measure; instead events are reported from observation Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention reports at 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 30 participantsLow
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training
Participation (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training
Quality of life (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age
Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies