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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Length/height‐for‐age z‐score (L/HAZ)b · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Stuntingb · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialists Time frame: 3 months · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.48] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialists Time frame: 2.2 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.9, 1.11] | 2 studies · 126 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Length/height‐for‐age z‐score (L/HAZ) Time frame: 6 months · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1258 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Adverse effect: hyperphosphataemiab · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) + micronutrient(s) vs vitamin D (lower dose) + micronutrient(s) Adverse effect: kidney stonesb · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Stunting Definition: L/HAZ < ‐2Time frame: 6 months · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.8, 1.01] | 1 study · 1247 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Adverse effect: hypercalciuria As defined by trialistsTime frame: 6.5 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.03 [0.28, 14.67] | 2 studies · 68 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Adverse effect: hypercalcaemia As defined by trialistsTime frame: 7.5 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.35, 1.9] | 2 studies · 367 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Adverse effect: hyperphosphataemiae · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Adverse effect: kidney stonese · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Linear growth (length/height) Unit: cm Time frame: 4.2 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 283 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D (higher dose) vs vitamin D (lower dose) Length/height‐for‐age z‐score (L/HAZ) Unitless Time frame: 7 months (mean) · children under 5 years of age Effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on linear growth and other health outcomes among children under… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 105 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual BPD symptom severity Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1244 participants | Moderate |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment Suicide‐related outcomes Measured by: self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 108 participants | Very low |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment Psychosocial functioning Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 219 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment Depression Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 239 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.2, 1.5] | 3 studies · 144 participants | Very low |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment Adverse effects (not measured · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual DBT · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual BPD severity Measured by: clinicians Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 149 participants | Low |
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Self‐harm Measured by: clinicians Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 376 participants | Low |
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Psychosocial functioning Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 225 participants | Low |
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual MBT · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Self‐harm (frequency) Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 616 participants | Low |
Dialectical behavioural therapy or mentalisation‐based therapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Suicide‐related outcomes Measured by: clinicians Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.04, 0.3] | 3 studies · 218 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Suicide‐related outcomes (suicidality) Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 666 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Psychosocial functioning Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1314 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Depression Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 1568 participants | Very low |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Attrition Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.83, 1.2] | 32 studies · 2225 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs treatment‐as‐usual Adverse effects Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.45, 1.88] | 2 studies · 381 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment BPD symptom severity Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 161 participants | Low |
Psychotherapy vs waiting list or no treatment Self‐harm Measured by: clinicians and self‐rated Timing of outcome assessment: end of treatment · borderline personality disorder Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training Mobility Measured by: walking speed on a Biodex Gait Trainer 2™ (average speed over 3 × 3 minutes, reported in m/s) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Moderate |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Quality of life (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III and between 3 and 12 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training Mobility Measured by: 10‐meter walk test or 8‐meter walk test (walking speed over a short distance; greater speed = greater functional mobility), reported in m/s Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 2 to 12 weeks or postint... · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 161 participants | Moderate |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training Gross motor function Measured by: GMFM‐E (higher score = greater performance), reported as % Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 4 to 12 weeks or postintervention scores at 4 to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 58 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training Adverse events Measured by: no official measure; instead events are reported from observation Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention reports at 2 to 6 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training Participation Measured by: CAPE‐intensity score or WeeFIM score; higher scores = greater participation Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 2 to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs no walking training Quality of life Measured by: PedsQOL‐CP score (range from 0 to 100; higher scores = better quality of life) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to V and between 3 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Mobility Measured by: 10‐meter walk test (walking speed over a short distance; greater speed = greater functional mobility) or 6‐minute walk test (distance in meters walked in 6 minutes; greater distance = greater endurance), reported in m/s Timin... · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 78 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Gross motor function Measured by: GMFM‐E (higher score = greater performance), reported as % Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention scores at 8 to 10 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 52 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Adverse events (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Participation Measured by: SFA score (total scores range from 19 to 76; higher scores = greater participation) Timing of outcome assessment: change scores from baseline to 10 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Moderate |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training Gross motor function Measured by: PDMS‐2‐locomotion (higher score = greater performance, reported as score) or mTUG (higher score = greater performance, reported in ‐seconds) Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention scores at 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 60 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training with body weight support vs the same dose of overground walking training Quality of life (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to IV and between 4 and 18 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training Adverse events Measured by: no official measure; instead events are reported from observation Timing of outcome assessment: postintervention reports at 12 weeks · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training Participation (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mechanically assisted walking training without body weight support vs no walking training Quality of life (not measured) · children with cerebral palsy classified within GMFCS Levels I to III between 5 and 19 years of age Mechanically assisted walking training for walking, participation, and quality of life in children with… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |