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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

current versions

No studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast Physical function (medium‐term; 3 to 12 months): measured using the ABILHAND‐Kids score (0 to 42: no problems) (6 months · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or… Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 66 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast 'Treatment failure': secondary procedures such as remanipulation for early loss of position (only data for this used here); and change in treatment ( · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or… Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.27 [0.07, 1.06]	4 studies · 366 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast Serious adverse events ( · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or… Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 215 participants	Ungraded
Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast Time to return to former activities · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or… Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings. Removable splintage vs cast Treatment failure (4 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.26, 1.89]	4 studies · 444 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast Pain after 1 week in cast: VAS (0 to 10: worst pain) ( · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or… Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 85 participants	Low
Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast Minor complications.,j,k Here represented by Referral for physical therapy for range of motion limitation (post‐immobilisation after 4 weeks) · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or… Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.19, 2.84]	2 studies · 179 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) Physical function (short‐term; under 3 months) · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) Physical function (medium‐term; 3 to 12 months) measured using the ABILHAND‐Kids score (0 to 42: no problems) (6 months · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 123 participants	Low
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) 'Treatment failure': various secondary procedures such as remanipulation for early loss of position; early or more complex wire removal ( · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.52 [0.33, 0.83]	4 studies · 253 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) Serious adverse events (typically more serious complications) ( · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.45, 1.02]	4 studies · 253 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) Time to return to former activities · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) Wrist pain · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only) Minor complications (less serious).j Here represented by referral for physical therapy for range of motion limitation (post‐immobilisation after 4 weeks) · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture) Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.44, 0.97]	1 study · 128 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Physical function (short‐term) measured using the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) Index change scores from pre‐injury at 4 weeks ‐ VAS (probably 0 to 100; worst) · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 233 participants	Low
Summary of findings. Removable splintage vs cast Serious adverse events (6 months · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 87 participants	Ungraded
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Treatment failure (change in treatment) (6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 3.16 [0.5, 19.93]	2 studies · 397 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Serious adverse events (6 months · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 288 participants	Ungraded
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Time to return to former activities · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Pain (CHAQ) via VAS (0 to 100; worst pain) at 4 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 233 participants	Low
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Minor complications (4 to 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 80 participants	Ungraded
Summary of findings. Home vs hospital‐clinic removal of casts Participant satisfaction: Parents would not choose the same treatment again (6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fractures Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.16 [0.06, 0.43]	1 study · 80 participants	Low
Summary of findings. Removable splintage vs cast Time to return to former activities · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings. Removable splintage vs cast Pain VAS (0 to 10; worst pain) during device use (4 ‐ 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 50 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Removable splintage vs cast Minor complications (3 to 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 500 participants	Ungraded
Summary of findings. Removable splintage vs cast Participant satisfaction: child and/or parent preference for same device in future (3 to 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 178 participants	Ungraded
Summary of findings. Bandage vs cast Physical function (short‐term): no problems or only 'limited disability' (see Comments) (4 to 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.79 [1.18, 2.73]	1 study · 53 participants	Very low
Summary of findings. Bandage vs cast Treatment failure: (3 to 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.53 [0.44, 5.32]	3 studies · 181 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Failure: second attempt required · Children with pulled elbow1 Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.25, 0.5]	8 studies · 811 participants	Low
Intervention NR Pain (preferably during the procedure) · Children with pulled elbow1 Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Adverse effects (e.g. bruising) · Children with pulled elbow1 Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Failure: continued failure after second attempt using same procedure as before · Children with pulled elbow1 Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.16 [0.09, 0.32]	6 studies · 624 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Ultimate failure · Children with pulled elbow1 Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Recurrence (within one month) · Children with pulled elbow1 Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Heel pain: VAS 0 to 100 (higher scores = worse pain) ‐ short‐term · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 350 participants	Low
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Heel pain: VAS 0 to 100 (higher scores = worse pain) ‐ medium‐term · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 382 participants	Low
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Function: medium‐term FFI (0 to 100: higher scores = worse function) FHSQ (0 to 100: higher scores = better function · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	MD 1.78	1 study · 82 participants	Very low
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Serious adverse events · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 219 participants	Very low
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Return to previous level of activity or work · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Other adverse events Short‐term · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Local steroid injection vs placebo or no treatment control Treatment failure (Heel pain persists at 8 weeks; subsequent treatment at 12 weeks; no pain relief at 6 months) · Adults with plantar heel pain¹ Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.26, 0.48]	3 studies · 363 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Muscle soreness · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	21 studies · 525 participants	Low
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Muscle soreness · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	41 studies · 936 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Muscle soreness · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	45 studies · 1047 participants	Low
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Muscle soreness · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	28 studies · 657 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Muscle soreness · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	17 studies · 436 participants	Low
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Subjective recovery · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: antioxidants vs placebo Adverse events · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 216 participants	Very low
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Success rate (radiographically‐assessed healing of cyst healing based on the Neer/Cole rating system) · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane	RR 0.55 [0.28, 1.09]	1 study · 77 participants	Very low
Bone marrow vs steroid injections Function: ASK function score Clinical record Scale from: 0 to 100 (best outcome) · children with simple bone cysts Interventions for treating simple bone cysts in the long bones of children (2017) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 77 participants	Low