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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
767 questions in 53 reviews · Back and Neck
current versionsNo studies 149 · 19.4%Ungraded 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Function Patient Specific Functional Scale: scale from 0 to 30 (greater functional ability) · participants with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | Mean difference 0.1 | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Function Patient Specific Functional Scale: scale from 0 to 30 (greater functional ability) · participants with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · participants with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pain NRS: scale from 0 to 100 (worse pain) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 146 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Disability Multiple scales: scale from 0 to 100 (worse disability) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 248 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Disability Multiple scales: scale from 0 to 100 (worse disability) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 146 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Function Patient Specific Functional Scale: used in a 11‐point scale from 0 to 10 (greater functional ability) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | Mean difference 1.1 [0.23, 1.97] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Function Patient Specific Functional Scale: used in a 11‐point scale from 0 to 10 (greater functional ability) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | Mean difference 0.8 | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Global impression of recovery Global Perceived Effect Scale: scale from ‐5 to +5 (greater recovery) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | Mean difference 1.5 [0.7, 2.3] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Global impression of recovery Global Perceived Effect Scale: scale from ‐5 to +5 (greater recovery) · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | Mean difference 0.7 | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events · patients with low back pain Pilates for low back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Changes in trunk balance · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Progression of scoliosis · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cosmetic issues · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Quality of life · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Back pain · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Disability · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Psychological issues · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR CI: confidence interval · Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs other types of treatment PainNumerical Rating Scale, from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) · chronic neck pain Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 168 participants | Low |
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs other types of treatment DisabilityNeck Disability Index, from 0 (no disability) to 100 (maximal disability) · chronic neck pain Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 168 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs other types of treatment KinesiophobiaTampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, from 17 (no fear) to 68 ( maximal fear) · chronic neck pain Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 168 participants | Moderate |
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs other types of treatment PainNumerical Rating Scale, from 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) · subacute neck pain Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs other types of treatment Disability Neck Disability Index, from 0 (no disability) to 50 (maximal disability) · subacute neck pain Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Cognitive‐behavioural treatment vs other types of treatment Kinesiophobia various scales · subacute neck pain Cognitive‐behavioural treatment for subacute and chronic neck pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary vs usual care Back pain long term 0‐10 Numerical or visual scale, where 0 equals no pain at all and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 821 participants | Moderate |
Multidisciplinary vs surgery Disability long term Oswestry; 100‐point scale where 0 equals no disability and 100 is seriously disabled. · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 423 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary vs surgery Work long term Proportion working · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary vs surgery Adverse events Adverse events due to study interventions · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 385 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary vs wait list Pain long term 0‐100 Visual scale, where 0 equals no pain at all and 100 is the worst pain imaginable · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary vs wait list Disability long term Mostly Roland Morris 24‐point scale where 0 equals no disability at all and 24 is seriously disabled · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary vs wait list Work long term · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary vs wait list Adverse events · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary vs usual care Disability long term Mostly Roland Morris 24‐point scale where 0 equals no disability at all and 24 is seriously disabled. · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 722 participants | Moderate |
Multidisciplinary vs usual care Work long term Proportion working · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1360 participants | Moderate |
Multidisciplinary vs usual care Adverse events · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary vs physical treatment Pain long term 0‐10 Numerical or visual scale, where 0 equals no pain at all and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 872 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary vs physical treatment Disability long term Various · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1169 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary vs physical treatment Work long term Proportion working · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1006 participants | Moderate |
Multidisciplinary vs physical treatment Adverse events · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Multidisciplinary vs surgery Pain long term SF‐36 Pain subscale; where 100 equals pain‐free · Patients with chronic low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 385 participants | Low |
Exercise therapy vs no treatment four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Pain (post‐treatment) VAS or LBPRS · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 272 participants | Very low |
Exercise therapy vs no treatment four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Functional status (post‐treatment) ODI or LBPRS · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 252 participants | Low |
Exercise therapy vs no treatment four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Functional status (long term) ODI or LBPRS · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 226 participants | Low |
High‐intensity exercise vs low‐intensity exercise programmes four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Pain (short term) VAS · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 103 participants | Very low |
High‐intensity exercise vs low‐intensity exercise programmes four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Function (short term) RDQ or ODI · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 103 participants | Low |
High‐intensity exercise vs low‐intensity exercise programmes four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Functional status (long term) · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Supervised programmes vs home exercises four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Pain (short term) VAS or five‐point box scale · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 229 participants | Very low |
Supervised programmes vs home exercises four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Functional status (short term) ODI or 12‐item scale · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 229 participants | Very low |
Supervised programmes vs home exercises four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Functional status (long term) · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery Rehabilitation after lumbar disc surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |