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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,080 questions in 109 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections
current versionsNo studies 132 · 12.2%Ungraded 90 · 8.3%Very low 169 · 15.6%Low 306 · 28.3%Moderate 287 · 26.6%High 96 · 8.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Clinical severity score (CSS) (RDAI score; range 0 to 17; higher = poorer outcomes) measured at 0 to 24 hoursafter treatment · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Clinical severity score (CSS) (RDAI score; range 0 to 17; higher = poorer outcomes) measured at 25 to 48 hoursafter treatment · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.1 | 1 study · 220 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Hospital re‐admission within 30 days of discharge · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Time to recovery · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Mortality · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Adverse events · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Duration of hospital stay · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Clinical severity score (CSS) (Wang score; range 0 to 12; higher = poorer outcome) measured at 0 to 24 hoursafter treatment · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Mortality · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Clinical severity score (CSS) (Wang score; range 0 to 12; higher = poorer outcome) measured 25 to 48 hoursafter treatment · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate or magnesium sulphate + salbutamol vs salbutamol Hospital re‐admission within 30 days of discharge · children from 1 month to 24 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Time to recovery · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Mortality · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Adverse events · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Duration of hospital stay · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Clinical severity score (CSS) (RDAI score; range 0 to 17; higher = poorer outcomes) measured at 0 to 24 hoursafter treatment · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Clinical severity score (CSS) (RDAI score; range 0 to 17; higher = poorer outcomes) measured 25 to 48 hoursafter treatment · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate + epinephrine vs no treatment or normal saline + epinephrine Hospital re‐admission within 30 days of discharge · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Adverse events · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Duration of hospital stay · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Ungraded |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Clinical severity score (CSS) (Wang score; range 0 to 12; higher = poorer outcome)measured at 0 to 24 hoursafter treatment · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.13 | 1 study · 160 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Clinical severity score (CSS) (Wang score; range 0 to 12; higher = poorer outcome)measured at 25 to 48 hoursafter treatment · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Hospital re‐admission within 30 days of discharge (re‐admissions were reported at 14 days) · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.2, 8.27] | 1 study · 158 participants | Low |
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Time to recovery · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Mortality · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy Mortality ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.08, 0.9] | 1 study · 225 participants | Low |
Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy Duration of hospital stay (days) ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.1 | 4 studies · 415 participants | Low |
Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy Time to clinical resolution (all parameters) ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 559 participants | Low |
Chest physiotherapy vs no chest physiotherapy Adverse events (number of events) ( · children aged from 29 days to 12 years with pneumonia Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.98, 1.67] | 2 studies · 254 participants | Low |
Corticosteroid therapy vs no corticosteroid therapy Number of deaths at 30 days following admission (30‐day mortality)a · individuals with influenza Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza (2019) · Cochrane | OR 3.9 [2.31, 6.6] | 21 studies · 9536 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroid therapy vs no corticosteroid therapy Rate of admission to intensive care units · individuals with influenza Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza (2019) · Cochrane | OR 5.13 [4.26, 6.17] | 1 study · 2141 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroid therapy vs no corticosteroid therapy Number and nature of adverse events secondary to corticosteroid use (hospital‐acquired infection) · individuals with influenza Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza (2019) · Cochrane | OR 2.74 [1.51, 4.95] | 7 studies · 6114 participants | Very low |
Corticosteroid therapy vs no corticosteroid therapy Proportion of participants requiring mechanical ventilation · individuals with influenza Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 4364 participants | Very low |
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Gastrointestinal disorders not otherwise specified · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 2.16 [1.56, 3] | 23 studies · 3295 participants | Moderate |
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Deaths · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06] | 52 studies · 216246 participants | Low |
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Abdominal pain · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.66 [1.22, 2.26] | 23 studies · 7776 participants | Low |
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Diarrhoea · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.7 [1.34, 2.16] | 37 studies · 23754 participants | Low |
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Nausea · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.61 [1.37, 1.9] | 28 studies · 14983 participants | Moderate |
Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Vomiting · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.27 [1.04, 1.56] | 15 studies · 5328 participants | Moderate |
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Cardiac disorders · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.54, 1.4] | 7 studies · 1715 participants | Very low |
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Hearing loss · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [1, 1.7] | 4 studies · 1369 participants | Low |
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Taste disturbance · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 4.95 [1.64, 14.93] | 5 studies · 932 participants | Low |
Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo Hepatobiliary disorders · any indication Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.04 [0.27, 4.09] | 4 studies · 443 participants | Very low |
Probiotic vs placebo Proportion of children with AOM (overall) · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.63, 0.93] | 16 studies · 2961 participants | Moderate |
Probiotic vs placebo Proportion of children with AOM: children not prone to AOM · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.49, 0.84] | 11 studies · 2227 participants | Moderate |
Probiotic vs placebo Proportion of children with AOM: children prone to AOM · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.85, 1.11] | 5 studies · 734 participants | High |
Probiotic vs placebo Severity of AOM · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotic vs placebo Adverse events · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.54 [0.6, 3.94] | 4 studies · 395 participants | Low |
Probiotic vs placebo Time off school for child · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1280 participants | Moderate |
Probiotic vs placebo Difference in the use of antibiotics · children up to age 18 years Probiotics for preventing acute otitis media in children (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.51, 0.86] | 8 studies · 1768 participants | Moderate |