Any late‐onset sepsis ‐ All infants [Data on only confirmed sepsis available] · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… may leads to lower any late‐onset sepsis ‐ All infants [Data on only confirmed sepsis… compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
NEC ≥ stage II · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes NEC ≥ stage II compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in any necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death prior to hospital discharge compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Death or NEC · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death or NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
NEC‐related surgery during study period · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in surgery for NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Neonatal sepsis · preterm infants
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Culture‐proven sepsis with probiotic organism · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
Feeding with more than 50% breast milk (days) · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries in children · Adolescents (12-18 years) without background systemic disease
In a subgroup analysis, probiotics reduced the number of caries in adolescents (MD -0.60, 95%CI -0.92 to -0.28; p-interaction=0.02); not GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Gingival index (GI) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics probably make little to no difference to the gingival index versus control (MD 0.04, 95%CI -0.18 to 0.27; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Lactobacillus count (CFU/mL) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics may make little to no difference to Lactobacillus count versus control (MD -0.78 CFU/mL, 95%CI -1.65 to 0.09; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary pH · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics may make little to no difference to salivary pH versus control (MD -0.12 pH units, 95%CI -0.72 to 0.48; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Dental caries in children · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics probably make little to no difference to the number of dental caries versus control (MD -0.24 carious pieces, 95%CI -0.72 to 0.23; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Streptococcus mutans count · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics probably reduce Streptococcus mutans count versus control (MD -0.40 CFU/mL, 95%CI -0.57 to -0.24; moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Gingival bleeding (various bleeding indices) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Only one trial (Borrell 2021) reported the bleeding index, showing slightly more bleeding with probiotics (MD 0.10, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.18); not pooled or GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Probiotics may make little to no difference to the bacterial plaque index versus control (MD 0.21, 95%CI -0.55 to 0.96; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Streptococcus viridans count (CFU/mL) · Children and/or adolescents (<18 years) without background systemic disease
Only one trial (Mishra 2014) reported S. viridans count, showing a higher count with probiotics (MD 0.40 CFU/mL, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.47); not pooled or GRADE-rated.
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(14 trials; 649 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Intervention not reported
Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(5 trials; 243 participants) · people with non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics(5 trials; 243 participants) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 0.67 [0.3, 1.46]
Studies not reported
Very low