Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,432 questions · 1,467 findings · 116 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 232 · 15.8%GRADE not reported 202 · 13.8%Very low 286 · 19.5%Low 327 · 22.3%Moderate 286 · 19.5%High 134 · 9.1%

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs other opioids

Physical function · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs other opioids

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs other opioids

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs other opioids

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs placebo

Outcomesa · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs placebo

Pain · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 614 participants
Moderate

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs placebo

Physical function · patients with osteoarthritis

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol for osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 614 participants
Moderate

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Overall pain (change from baseline) · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 107 participants
Moderate

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Function (change from baseline) Shoulder Disabilty Questionnaire 0‐100 (lower scores = better function) · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 107 participants
Moderate

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Global assessment of treatment success · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

Combination of manual therapy and exercise probably leads to lower global assessment of treatment success Complete recovery or much… compared with glucocorticoid injection (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6
1 study · 108 participants
Moderate

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Active shoulder abduction · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Quality of life · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Manual therapy and exercise vs glucocorticoid injection

Adverse events · patients with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

Combination of manual therapy and exercise probably leads to higher adverse events compared with glucocorticoid injection (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07
1 study · 114 participants
Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.95 [0.71, 1.27]
2 studies · 2156 participants
Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.15 [0.82, 1.61]
5 studies · 3140 participants
Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants compared with formoterol (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.76 [0.45, 1.28]
3 studies · 2694 participants
Moderate

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to higher improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically… compared with formoterol (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.3 [1.07, 1.56]
2 studies · 2010 participants
High

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Lung function · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 2411 participants
High

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to lower adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with formoterol (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.65, 0.93]
5 studies · 3140 participants
High