Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

364 questions · 389 findings · 54 reviews

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No studies found 95 · 24.4%GRADE not reported 40 · 10.3%Very low 45 · 11.6%Low 126 · 32.4%Moderate 76 · 19.5%High 7 · 1.8%

Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice

Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice

Number of women with adverse events · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction

Proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at 4‐6 months · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed

Restriction of pacifier use showed no clear difference in proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at 4‐6 months compared with no restriction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.09]
1 study · 970 participants
Moderate

Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction

Maternal satisfaction and level of confidence in parenting · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction

Infant otitis media · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Restriction of pacifier use vs no restriction

Infant dental malocclusion · healthy full‐term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for

Language development ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers

1 finding from 1 review

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 187 participants
Moderate

Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for

Intelligence or problem‐solving ability ‐ Beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers

1 finding from 1 review

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 238 participants
Low

Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for

Psychomotor development · Breastfeeding mothers

1 finding from 1 review

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 113 participants
Low

Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for

Attention · Breastfeeding mothers

1 finding from 1 review

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 110 participants
Low

Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for

Visual acuity · Breastfeeding mothers

1 finding from 1 review

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 111 participants
Low

Fatty acid supplementation vs placebo compared with improving child growth and development for

Child weight ‐ Long term beyond 24 months · Breastfeeding mothers

1 finding from 1 review

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 414 participants
Moderate

Needle aspiration vs incision and drainage

Time to resolution of breast abscess (days) · Breastfeeding women with breast abscesses

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Needle aspiration vs incision and drainage

Treatment failure · Breastfeeding women with breast abscesses

Needle aspiration may leads to higher treatment failure compared with incision and drainage (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 16.12 [2.21, 117.73]
2 studies · 115 participants
Low

Glycerine gel dressing vs usual care

Nipple pain Nipple trauma: midwife assessed based on scale of 1‐3 with: 1 = better/resolved, 2 = no change, and 3 = worse · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
Low

Lanolin vs expressed breast milk

Nipple pain Women's reports of 'absence of irritation' · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

Lanolin showed no clear difference in nipple pain Women's reports of 'absence of irritation' compared with expressed breast milk (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.93, 1.09]
1 study · 152 participants
Low
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.56 [1.05, 2.32]
1 study · 152 participants
Low
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.58 [0.27, 9.2]
1 study · 152 participants
Low

Lanolin vs all‐purpose nipple ointment

Nipple pain Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire scale 0‐45 · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 150 participants
Moderate

Lanolin vs all‐purpose nipple ointment

Nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 150 participants
Moderate
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 150 participants
Moderate

Breast shells with lanolin vs usual care

Nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 61 participants
Low

Glycerine gel dressing vs breast shells with lanolin

Nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 64 participants
Low