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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
866 questions in 43 reviews · Oral and maxillofacial surgery
current versionsNo studies 188 · 21.7%Ungraded 548 · 63.3%Very low 81 · 9.4%Low 37 · 4.3%Moderate 8 · 0.9%High 4 · 0.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Standard care (usual local haemostatic measures: gelatin sponge and sutures, or dry gauze compression) Number of participants with postoperative bleedings requiring intervention · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · 7 days Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.02 [-0.07, 0.11] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Moderate |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Long-term skeletal relapse/stability (horizontal movement of A-point) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 5 years (long-term) Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | MD 4.80 [0.41, 9.19] | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Number of minor postoperative bleeding episodes · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · 7 days Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD -0.06 [-0.33, 0.20] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Ungraded |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Speech: resonance (hypernasality) (deterioration/improvement) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 17 months (mean) Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.85] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Extraction of a maxillary first permanent molar vs Extraction of a mandibular first permanent molar Spontaneous post-extraction space closure · Children aged 5 to 15 years undergoing first permanent molar extraction · Maxilla versus mandible (spontaneous space closure) Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | OR 2.06 [0.46, 9.28] | 3 studies · 107 participants | Ungraded |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Clinical morbidities (adverse effects) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 12 months Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | SoF (Very Low): Clinical morbidities assessed with questionnaires, follow-up 12 months; risk with orthognathic surgery 3/14; risk with maxillary distraction osteogenesis 3/15; relative effect -; 29 participants (1… | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Bilateral extraction of compromised mandibular first permanent molars vs Age- and gender-matched non-extraction controls Skeletal development (occlusal plane rotation, facial height) · Children (approximately 11 years or older) with compromised mandibular first permanent molars Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | Normando and Cavacami: decreased GnSN angle (P = 0.05), counter-clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane (mean 5.6 vs 12.6 degrees, P = 0.0001), and decreased lower anterior face height (P = 0.048). Table 3: Category… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Bleeding duration (minutes, all types of bleeding, minor and major) · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Side effects or other adverse events requiring withdrawal · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · 7 days Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.00 [-0.04, 0.04] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Moderate |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Psychological status: social self-esteem (Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory subset); also general self-esteem and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · up to 2 years (significant at 3 months) Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | Results text (Ungraded; not in SoF): social self-esteem (subset of the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory, CFSEI) - DO participants had lower social self-esteem in the first three months postoperatively, with a… | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Change in haemoglobin level from baseline · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Antifibrinolytic agents (tranexamic acid (TXA) or epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA)) vs Placebo, no intervention, or usual care Outcome NR · People on continuous direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) treatment undergoing oral or dental procedures Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Early extraction of a compromised first permanent molar vs Contralateral non-extraction side (same patient) Development and eruption of the second permanent molar · Children aged 5 to 15 years with a compromised first permanent molar Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | Root closure and eruption of the second permanent molar were accelerated on the extraction side versus the non-extraction side (Telli and Aytan; not statistically tested). Table 3: Category III, Class C. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Any surgical or non-surgical technique or material used for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding vs Another active intervention, placebo, or no treatment Patient-reported outcomes related to pain or discomfort during the procedure · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior,… Interventions for treating post‐extraction bleeding (2018) · Cochrane | No data are available as no RCTs have been conducted on interventions to treat post-extraction bleeding | 0 studies | No studies |
Early extraction of a compromised mandibular first permanent molar vs Contralateral non-extraction side (same patient) Development and eruption of the third molar · Children aged 5 to 15 years with a compromised first permanent molar Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | OR 2.86 [1.37, 5.96] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Midfacial soft tissue changes (facial profile landmarks: pronasale, subnasale, stomion superius, labrale superius) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 2 years Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | Results text (Ungraded; not in SoF): both groups showed notable positive soft tissue changes of the upper lip and nose after maxillary advancement (39 participants). Between-group soft tissue differences at 2 years… | 1 study · 39 participants | Ungraded |
Any surgical or non-surgical technique or material used for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding vs Another active intervention, placebo, or no treatment Adverse events · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior,… Interventions for treating post‐extraction bleeding (2018) · Cochrane | No data are available as no RCTs have been conducted on interventions to treat post-extraction bleeding | 0 studies | No studies |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Major bleeding requiring transfusion of packed red blood cells · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · 7 days Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD -0.00 [-0.05, 0.04] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Ungraded |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Number of immediate and delayed postoperative bleeding episodes requiring intervention · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · Immediate (<24 h) and delayed (24 h to 10 days); bleeds occurred 1, 3 or 5 days postoperatively Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD -0.22 [-0.35, -0.10] | 1 study · 89 participants | Ungraded |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Velopharyngeal function (complete velopharyngeal closure; deterioration/improvement) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 17 months (mean) Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.65, 2.52] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Any postoperative complication except bleeding (e.g. wound infection) · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · 7 days Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD -0.02 [-0.07, 0.03] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caries and/or fillings in adjacent teeth · Occlusal surfaces (extraction vs FPM present; more decayed/filled with extraction) Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | OR 1.64 [1.35, 2.1] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Psychological status: satisfaction with life (Satisfaction With Life Scale, SWLS) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 2 years Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | MD 2.95 [0.14, 5.76] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Maxillary advancement (midfacial hard tissue change; Subspinale A-point) · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 2 years Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | MD 4.40 [0.24, 8.56] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Number of participants with postoperative bleedings requiring intervention · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… · 7 days Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | RD -0.25 [-0.36, -0.14] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Moderate |
Early extraction of a compromised first permanent molar vs Teeth in the same arch/patient with the first permanent molar present Caries and/or fillings in adjacent teeth · Children aged 5 to 15 years with a compromised first permanent molar · Proximal surfaces (extraction vs FPM present; fewer decayed/filled with extraction) Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | OR 0.48 [0.33, 0.69] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Any surgical or non-surgical technique or material used for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding vs Another active intervention, placebo, or no treatment Treatment-associated average cost · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior,… Interventions for treating post‐extraction bleeding (2018) · Cochrane | No data are available as no RCTs have been conducted on interventions to treat post-extraction bleeding | 0 studies | No studies |
Early extraction of a compromised first permanent molar vs Non-extraction (retained first permanent molar) or contralateral non-extraction side Post-extraction space (spontaneous space closure / decrease in space) · Children aged 5 to 15 years with a compromised first permanent molar Consequences of early extraction of compromised first permanent molar: a systematic review. (2018) | Spontaneous space closure ranged from 45.5% to 85.2% overall (maxilla 33.3% to 94%, mandible 50% to 75%). Table 3 conclusion: early extraction of compromised FPM leads to decrease in post extraction space (Category III… | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Antifibrinolytic therapy - locally-applied tranexamic acid (TXA) mouthwash/solution (SoF eligibility: TXA or EACA; all included trials used topical TXA) vs Placebo (placebo solution/mouthwash) Amount of postoperative blood loss (mL) · People on continuous VKA treatment undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions (eligibility included DOACs and… Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in people on anticoagulants undergoing minor oral… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Maxillary distraction osteogenesis vs Orthognathic surgery (conventional Le Fort I osteotomy) Speech: nasal emission · Adolescents or adults (15 years or older) with an established diagnosis of complete cleft lip and alveolar process, or… · 17 months Maxillary distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for cleft lip and palate patients (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.00 [0.14, 66.53] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Exposure of the plate (adverse effect) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Both titanium and resorbable groups experienced two plate exposures which occurred between the third and ninth month, with plate exposure rates of 1.02% for the titanium group and 1.21% for the resorbable group. All… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Occurrence of sinus tract (adverse effect) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Five patients (three in the titanium group and two in the resorbable group) developed a non-infected sinus tract. The sinus tracts arose earlier in the titanium group (sixth week) than in the resorbable group (third… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Clinical stability of osteotomy segments (VAS 0 to 10) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · 0 to 24 months (by period) Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Clinical stability of osteotomy segments (Cheung 2004), self-assessed on a VAS (0=very mobile, 10=no mobility) by postoperative period, titanium vs resorbable mean (SD): 0 to 2 weeks 8.10 (1.79) vs 8.47 (2.18), P=0.48;… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Patient satisfaction (VAS 0 to 10) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · 4 to 6 months Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.17 [-0.67, 1.01] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Postoperative pain during the immediate recovery period (VAS 0 to 10) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · 2 weeks (immediate recovery period) Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | MD -0.77 [-1.92, 0.38] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Costs (fixation materials, hospital bed days, retreatment) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on the cost incurred in the treatment. | 0 studies | No studies |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Analgesic medication used (type, dose, frequency) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | No data available for this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Re-operation and revision rate / plate removal (adverse effect) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Plate removal rates were 1.53% (3/196) of the titanium plates and 3.63% (6/165) of the resorbable ones. Out of a total of nine, two in each group were removed because of plate exposure, one patient in the titanium and… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Status of occlusion (e.g. ANB, Angle's classification, Wits analysis) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Weidner 2005 provided analyses of mean changes in ANB from scanned radiographs. The ANB data were incomplete for many of the five time periods and were reported as 'grad' rather than the conventionally accepted… | 1 study · 43 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Need for retreatment or replacement of fixation due to failure of the fixation · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Mean 1 year Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | SoF row (Resorbable plates compared to titanium plates for stabilization after orthognathic surgery). Need for retreatment or replacement of fixation due to failure of the fixation (plates failed or removed in each… | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Wound dehiscence (adverse effect) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Three patients (10%) in the titanium group and two patients (6.7%) in the resorbable group presented with wound dehiscence. One patient in each group with dehisced wounds became infected; all non-infected wounds closed… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Postoperative chronic or lasting pain (wound discomfort) at 4 to 6 months (VAS 0 to 10) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · 4 to 6 months Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | MD -0.77 [-1.58, 0.04] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Facial appearance and profile · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | No data available for this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Immediate postoperative swelling (assessed by photography or digital morphometry) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | Though Cheung 2004 reported the presence of postoperative swelling, it was only noted in conjunction with infection and pus discharge; assessment of this outcome did not include the use of photography or digital… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Quality of life · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | None of the included studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Degree of function postoperatively (mastication, swallowing, speech) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | No data available for this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Adverse effects (composite: plate exposure, wound infection, sinus tract, wound dehiscence, plate removal) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 24 months postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | SoF row. Adverse effects; 60 participants (1 RCT); Quality of the evidence (GRADE): VERY LOW. Exposure of the plate: both titanium and resorbable groups experienced 2 plate exposures which occurred between the third… | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Superficial and deep wound infection (adverse effect) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | The trialists did not differentiate between superficial and deep wound infection. Three (10%) of the patients in each group developed infections accounting for six plates: 3/196 (1.53%) in the titanium group and 3/165… | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation Satisfactory radiographic appearance (cephalometric radiographs) · Adults (>16 years old) undergoing orthognathic surgery · Up to 3 years postoperatively Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery (2017) · Cochrane | No data available for this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Duration of postoperative analgesia · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | This outcome was not reported. | 0 studies | No studies |