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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease (BPD) at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.48, 0.97] | 1 study · 238 participants | Low |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 3 to 5 years CA · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of caffeine · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Duration of hospital stay (days) · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Seizures (clinically diagnosed; diagnosed by electroencephalography) · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Mortality or major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months and 3 to 5 years CA · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease (BPD) at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.6, 0.94] | 5 studies · 723 participants | Moderate |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of caffeine · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.86, 3.23] | 5 studies · 593 participants | Low |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Duration of hospital stay(days) · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies Seizures (clinically diagnosed; diagnosed by electroencephalography) · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.79, 2.53] | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
High‐dose vs standard‐dose strategies All‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge · preterm infants at risk for apnea of prematurity Caffeine dosing regimens in preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.5, 3.53] | 2 studies · 152 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 1a. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.2, 1.05] | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 4a.Death at any time during initial hospitalization – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 4b. Death at any time during initial hospitalization – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 4c. Death at any time during initial hospitalization – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 5a. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 5b. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 5c. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 6a. Side effects causing cessation of therapy – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 6b. Side effects causing cessation of therapy – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 37 participants | Low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 6c. Side effects causing cessation of therapy – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 1a.'Clinical apnea' after initiation of treatment – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 1b. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.53, 3.45] | 4 studies · 84 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 1b. 'Clinical apnea' after initiation of treatment – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 1c.'Clinical apnea' after initiation of treatment – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.13, 0.98] | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 2a. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 2b. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.1, 1.83] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 2c. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.52, 1.62] | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 3a. Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 3b. Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 3c. Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 4a. Death (at any time during initial hospitalization) – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 4b. Death (at any time during initial hospitalization) – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 1c. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0.01, 1.17] | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 4c. Death (at any time during initial hospitalization) – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.34, 6.01] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 5a.Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 5b. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 5c. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 6a. Side effects causing cessation of therapy – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 6b. Side effects causing cessation of therapy – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 6c. Side effects causing cessation of therapy – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 6.42 [0.8, 51.26] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 2a. Need for positive pressure ventilation after initiation of treatment – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.01, 6.74] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 2b. Need for positive pressure ventilation after initiation of treatment – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.4 [0.11, 51.32] | 2 studies · 37 participants | Very low |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 2c. Need for positive pressure ventilation after initiation of treatment – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 3a. Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (defined as supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' gestation) – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 3b. Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (defined as supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' gestation) – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or 3c. Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (defined as supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' gestation) – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea Doxapram for the prevention and treatment of apnea in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose, with or without NNS) vs control (water, placebo, or no intervention) PIPP scores at 30 seconds after lancing (term and preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21 · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 547 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) + NNS vs NNS (with or without water) PIPP scores during recovery after heel lancing (preterm infants)Scale from: 0 to 21a,e · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Sucrose (any concentration, any dose) + NNS vs NNS (with or without water) NFCS during heel lancing (term infants)Scale from: 0 to 9f,g · neonates Sucrose analgesia for heel‐lance procedures in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |