Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut
current versionsNo studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotics vs placebo Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.74, 1.06] | 7 studies · 608 participants | High |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Failure to induce clinical response at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.2 [1.17, 4.14] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Serious adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs probiotics Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.23, 0.94] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs probiotics Failure to induce clinical response at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs probiotics Serious adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs probiotics Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Failure to maintain clinical remission at end of study · people with UC in remission Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.47, 1.06] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Failure to maintain clinical response at end of study · people with UC in remission Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Serious adverse events · people with UC in remission Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs placebo Failure to induce clinical response at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.47, 1.22] | 3 studies · 343 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with UC in remission Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · of active and inactive people with ulcerative colitis Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.29, 1.07] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Failure to induce clinical response at end of study · of active and inactive people with ulcerative colitis Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Serious adverse events · of active and inactive people with ulcerative colitis Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Withdrawals due to adverse events · of active and inactive people with ulcerative colitis Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotics vs placebo Serious adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.38, 3.71] | 8 studies · 691 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [0.27, 15.72] | 8 studies · 691 participants | Low |
Antibiotics plus probiotics vs placebo or no intervention Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.39, 1.19] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics plus probiotics vs placebo or no intervention Failure to induce clinical response at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics plus probiotics vs placebo or no intervention Serious adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 15.08] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics plus probiotics vs placebo or no intervention Withdrawals due to adverse events · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 15.08] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics vs 5‐ASA Failure to induce clinical remission at end of study · people with active UC Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Certolizumab pegol vs placebo Failure to maintain clinical remission at week 26(1 RCT, 428 participants) · people with Crohn's disease who responded to CZP remission‐induction treatment Certolizumab pegol for maintenance of medically induced remission in Crohn’s disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.63, 0.85] | NR | Moderate |
Certolizumab pegol vs placebo Failure to maintain clinical response at week 26(1 RCT, 428 participants) · people with Crohn's disease who responded to CZP remission‐induction treatment Certolizumab pegol for maintenance of medically induced remission in Crohn’s disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.48, 0.71] | NR | Moderate |
Certolizumab pegol vs placebo Serious adverse events during remission maintenance treatment(1 RCT, 428 participants) Outcome: occurrence of infection, blood and lymphatic system disorder, immune system disorder, neoplasm, demyelinating disorders, drug‐induced systemic lupus er... · people with Crohn's disease who responded to CZP remission‐induction treatment Certolizumab pegol for maintenance of medically induced remission in Crohn’s disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.4, 1.78] | NR | Low |
Electromagnetic‐guided vs endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes Technical success in insertion Electromagnetic‐guided versus endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.88, 1.35] | 4 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Electromagnetic‐guided vs endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes Aspiration pneumonitis Electromagnetic‐guided versus endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.03, 2.18] | 2 studies · 315 participants | Low |
Electromagnetic‐guided vs endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes Time for postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes (minutes) Electromagnetic‐guided versus endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 536 participants | Low |
Electromagnetic‐guided vs endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes Direct healthcare costs (USD equivalent) Electromagnetic‐guided versus endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 474 participants | Moderate |
Electromagnetic‐guided vs endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes Adverse events Electromagnetic‐guided versus endoscopic‐guided postpyloric placement of nasoenteral feeding tubes (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.41, 1.49] | 4 studies · 536 participants | Moderate |
Probiotic vs placebo Frequency of defecation, stools/week · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 280 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotics vs magnesium oxide Global improvement/treatment success, as defined by the primary study · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.74, 1.57] | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Probiotics vs magnesium oxide Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.04] | 2 studies · 77 participants | Very low |
Probiotics vs magnesium oxide Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 77 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotics vs placebo Frequency of defecation (number of stools/week at end of study) · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Synbiotics vs placebo Global improvement or treatment success, as defined by primary study · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.32 [1.54, 3.47] | 1 study · 155 participants | Low |
Synbiotics vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 155 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotics vs placebo Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 155 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin Frequency of defecation (number of stools/week) · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin Global improvement or treatment success, as defined by primary studies · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.71, 1.17] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Global improvement/treatment success as defined by primary study · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 | 4 studies · 313 participants | Low |
Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotics vs paraffin Frequency of defecation (number of stools/week) · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs paraffin Global improvement or treatment success, as defined by primary studies · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.13] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Synbiotics vs paraffin Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Synbiotics vs paraffin Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Probiotic vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.21, 1.95] | 5 studies · 357 participants | Low |