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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Depression symptom severity (immediately post intervention) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 270 participants | Very low |
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Quality of life (immediately post intervention) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 536 participants | Very low |
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Functional impairment ‐ immediately post intervention · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 874 participants | Low |
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Service utilisation ‐ hospital re‐admission (during intervention) (RR > 1 denotes greater risk) · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.28, 1.28] | 3 studies · 441 participants | Very low |
Primary health professional‐led or collaborative care vs specialist‐led care Adverse events · people with severe mental disorder Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Clinical illness recovery · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Disease prevalence · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Severity of behavioural symptoms (patient) (1 to 6 months post intervention)Measured using the behavioural symptom scale (NPI‐S) (high score = greater severity) · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 134 participants | Low |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Severity of mental distress (carer) (1 to 6 months post intervention) Neuropsychiatric Interview for dementia (higher score = better quality of life) · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 134 participants | Low |
Primary health professionals and lay health workers vs usual care Quality of life (patient) (1 to 6 months post intervention) DEMQOL (higher score = better quality of life) · people with dementia and their carers Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Place of death (home) · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [1.12, 1.52] | 2 studies · 539 participants | High |
Intervention NR Unplanned admission to hospital · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 710 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Participant health outcomes, including control of symptoms · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 168 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Patient satisfaction · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 199 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Caregiver outcomes · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 400 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Staff views on the provision of services · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 176 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Health service resource use and cost · people referred for end‐of‐life care Hospital at home: home‐based end‐of‐life care (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 199 participants | Very low |
Medication reconciliation vs no medication reconciliation Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.55 [0.17, 1.74] | 3 studies · 379 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals Readmission at 1 month ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.76, 1.14] | 2 studies · 997 participants | Moderate |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals Length of stay (days) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 3983 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals Quality of life (VAS 0‐10; EQ‐5D‐3L) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 724 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation: pharmacist vs other professionals Discrepancy resolution ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 4.8 [1.81, 12.76] | 3 studies · 1449 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation by pharmacist: database‐assisted MR vs unassisted MR Potential ADEs ( ≥ 1 per patient) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.26 [0.1, 0.64] | 2 studies · 3326 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation by pharmacist: database‐assisted MR vs unassisted MR Length of stay (days) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 311 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation by pharmacist: database‐assisted MR vs unassisted MR Discrepancy resolution ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.37 [0.97, 1.93] | 2 studies · 791 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation by trained pharmacist technician vs pharmacist Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.65 [0.25, 1.7] | 2 studies · 306 participants | Very low |
Medication reconciliation by trained pharmacist technician vs pharmacist Length of stay (days) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 183 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation: before vs at admission Identified discrepancies per patient ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 307 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation vs no medication reconciliation ADEs ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.38 [0.18, 0.8] | 3 studies · 1336 participants | Moderate |
Medication reconciliation: 1 or 2 vs 4 charts open simultaneously Medication errors (ITS study) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11504 participants | Very low |
Medication reconciliation: multimodal intervention vs usual care Medication error ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.87, 0.97] | 1648 participants | Very low |
Medication reconciliation: multimodal intervention vs usual care Potential ADEs ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.86, 1.09] | 1648 participants | Very low |
Medication reconciliation: multimodal intervention vs usual care Discrepancy resolution ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.14 [1.81, 2.53] | 1 study · 487 participants | Moderate |
CPOE/CDSS vs control/paper‐based Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.31, 1.79] | 2 studies · 88 participants | Moderate |
CPOE/CDSS vs control/paper‐based ADEs ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.24 [0.04, 1.5] | 2 studies · 827 participants | Very low |
CPOE/CDSS vs control/paper‐based Mortality during hospitalisation ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.54, 2.01] | 1 study · 737 participants | Very low |
CPOE/CDSS vs control/paper‐based Length of stay (days) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 737 participants | Very low |
Improved CPOE/CDSS vs standard CPOE/CDSS Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.85 [0.74, 0.97] | 2 studies · 630 participants | Moderate |
Improved CPOE/CDSS vs standard CPOE/CDSS ADEs ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.71, 0.94] | 2382 participants | Moderate |
Medication reconciliation vs no medication reconciliation Mortality during hospitalisation ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.85 [0.44, 33.89] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
CPOE/CDSS: prioritised vs non‐prioritised alerts Resolved potential ADEs (per prescriptions) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
Barcoding vs no barcoding Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.59, 0.79] | 50545 participants | Low |
Organisational changes: reduced vs unreduced working hours Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.63, 1.09] | 1 study · 634 participants | Low |
Feedback on prescribing errors vs no feedback Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.47 [0.33, 0.67] | 4 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Feedback on prescribing errors vs education on prescribing errors Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.59 [0.2, 1.76] | 2 studies · 2 participants | Very low |
Education vs no education on prescribing or administration Medication errors ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.21 [0.93, 1.58] | 4 studies · 30 participants | Very low |
Dispensing system vs control Medication errors (surgical wards) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.47, 0.79] | 2 studies · 1775 participants | Low |
Dispensing system vs control Medication errors (operating rooms) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.92 [0.75, 1.13] | 2 studies · 2310 participants | Very low |
Medication reconciliation vs no medication reconciliation Length of stay (days) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 527 participants | Low |
Medication reconciliation vs no medication reconciliation Quality of life (VAS 0‐10; EQ‐5D‐3L) ( · adults Reducing medication errors for adults in hospital settings (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 131 participants | Low |