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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,080 questions in 109 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections
current versionsNo studies 132 · 12.2%Ungraded 90 · 8.3%Very low 169 · 15.6%Low 306 · 28.3%Moderate 287 · 26.6%High 96 · 8.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Linezolid vs vancomycin Health‐related quality of life Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Linezolid vs vancomycin Pneumonia‐related mortality Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Linezolid vs vancomycin Non‐serious adverse events Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cefepime vs ceftazidime Serious adverse events Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.55] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Cefepime vs ceftazidime Treatment failure Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.15, 1.64] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Cefepime vs ceftazidime Health‐related quality of life Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cefepime vs ceftazidime Pneumonia‐related mortality Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cefepime vs ceftazidime Non‐serious adverse events Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Linezolid vs vancomycin All‐cause mortality Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Linezolid vs vancomycin Serious adverse events Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Linezolid vs vancomycin Treatment failure Maximum · neonates and children with hospital‐acquired pneumonia Antibiotics for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in neonates and children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.05 [0.49, 8.63] | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine CRM197‐PCV7in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | 6 | 2 studies · 39530 participants | Moderate |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine CRM197‐PCV7in high‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 944 participants | Low |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine OMPC‐PCV7in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1666 participants | Low |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine PHiD‐CV10in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | 6 | 2 studies · 12454 participants | Low |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine PHiD‐CV11in low‐risk infants · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | 34 | 1 study · 4968 participants | Moderate |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine Adverse effects · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine vs control vaccine CRM197‐PCV7in low‐risk infants OMPC‐PCV7in low‐risk infants PHiD‐PC10 and PHiD‐PC11 in low‐risk infants CRM197‐PCV7/9 and CRM197‐PCV7 plus TIVin older children · infants (predominantly < 6 months of age) and older children (aged 1 to 7 years) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 77389 participants | High |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Complete resolution of pain at 24 hours · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.4 [1.29, 4.47] | 5 studies · 851 participants | High |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Complete resolution of pain at 48 hours · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.27, 1.76] | 4 studies · 774 participants | High |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Mean time to onset of pain relief · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 840 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Mean time to complete resolution of pain · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 695 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Absolute reduction in pain measured by VAS · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1004 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Adverse events · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.31, 3.77] | 2 studies · 690 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Recurrence/relapse rates · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.16, 1.73] | 3 studies · 353 participants | Moderate |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Days missed from work or school · patients with sore throat Corticosteroids as standalone or add‐on treatment for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 405 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs no exercise Number of ARI episodes per person per year Self‐reported · healthy people Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections (2020) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 1 [0.77, 1.3] | 4 studies · 514 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Proportion of participants who experienced at least 1 ARI over the study period · healthy people Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.08] | 5 studies · 520 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Severity of ARI symptoms · healthy people Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections (2020) · Cochrane | MD 103.57 | 2 studies · 373 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Number of symptom days during · healthy people Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections (2020) · Cochrane | MD 2.24 | 4 studies · 483 participants | Low |
Exercise vs no exercise Number of symptom days per episode of illness · healthy people Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.44 | 6 studies · 557 participants | Low |
Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions Number of participants provided with an antibiotic prescription · patients with sore throat Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2545 participants | Moderate |
Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions Number of participants with an antibiotic dispensed · patients with sore throat Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 900 participants | Low |
Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions Number of participants with a complication attributed to the index infection · patients with sore throat Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2075 participants | Very low |
Rapid test (with and without scoring system combined) vs clinical grounds (with and without scoring system combined) to guide antibiotic prescriptions Number of participants in need of re‐consultation by the end of · patients with sore throat Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1161 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Test result · people of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior testing: clinical information would… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Correctly excluded (true negatives) · people without consciousness disturbance of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 921 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Test positive, but not acute meningitis (false positives) · people without consciousness disturbance of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 921 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR CI: confidence interval · people without consciousness disturbance of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Correctly detected (true positives) · people of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior testing: clinical information would… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1161 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Missed (false negatives) · people of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior testing: clinical information would… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1161 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Correctly excluded (true negatives) · people of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior testing: clinical information would… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1161 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Test positive, but not acute meningitis (false positives) · people of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior testing: clinical information would… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1161 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR CI: confidence interval · people of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior testing: clinical information would… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Test result · people without consciousness disturbance of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Correctly detected (true positives) · people without consciousness disturbance of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 921 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Missed (false negatives) · people without consciousness disturbance of any age with suspected acute meningitis in the emergency settingPrior… Diagnostic test accuracy of jolt accentuation for headache in acute meningitis in the emergency setting (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 921 participants | Very low |
Magnesium sulphate vs placebo Time to recovery · children up to 18 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Adverse events · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Magnesium sulphate vs hypertonic saline Duration of hospital stay · children up to 12 months old with acute bronchiolitis Magnesium sulphate for treating acute bronchiolitis in children up to two years of age (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0 | 1 study · 220 participants | Very low |