Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

366 questions · 703 findings · 59 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 20 · 2.8%GRADE not reported 630 · 89.6%Very low 27 · 3.8%Low 12 · 1.7%Moderate 7 · 1%High 7 · 1%

30 minutes of one-to-one instruction by a dental hygienist covering the relationship between sugar consumption and dental health, plus oral hygiene, fluoride and regular dental visits (a multi-intervention) vs No special instructions (control)

Mean sugar consumption (self-reported, 1 to 5 scale; higher score = more positive behaviour) · Adults newly registered at a group dental practice in a suburban Dutch village, the Netherlands
1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse

Oral mucositis (severe) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin
1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse

Oral mucositis (any severity) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin

It is very uncertain whether oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… changes oral mucositis (any severity) compared with high-dose leucovorin rinse (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs High-dose leucovorin rinse

Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Patients with osteosarcoma (bone cancer) receiving high-dose methotrexate, vincristine and leucovorin
1 finding from 1 review

Low tooth brushing frequency (<2 times/day) vs High tooth brushing frequency (>=2 times/day)

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Healthy children under 6 years of age (6 months to 6 years); preschool children

After excluding an extreme outlier (Alhabdan 2018), the association between low brushing frequency and ECC remained statistically significant (pooled OR approximately 2.0, p=0.003; I2=87.5%); the exact estimate and its CI were not reported; ungraded.

2 findings from 1 review

Lower unemployment rate vs Higher unemployment rate (low <=5% / medium >5-10% / high >10%)

Caries experience (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children across European countries (national/regional epidemiological surveys, 2011-2022)

Mean DMFT tended to increase with unemployment rate (low 1.23, medium 2.08, high 2.38; ANOVA p<.05); descriptive country-level means only, not meta-analyzed or GRADE-rated.

3 findings from 1 review

Country-level periodontal disease prevalence (Global Burden of Disease) vs Low vs high periodontal disease prevalence

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly by country-level periodontal disease prevalence; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Country-level income (World Bank income classification) vs Higher- vs lower-income country categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Community-dwelling older adults in higher-income countries had better OHRQoL than those in lower-income countries (77.9, 95% CI 70.2 to 85.6 vs 66.9, 95% CI 56.7 to 77.0); the difference by income was statistically significant (ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Country-level income inequality (Gini index) vs Lower vs higher income inequality categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Older adults in countries with relative income equality (low Gini index) had markedly higher OHRQoL (91.3, 95% CI 90.0 to 92.6) than those in less equal countries; the difference by Gini index was statistically significant (ungraded).

4 findings from 1 review
Show 1 more finding

Human Development Index (HDI) vs Higher vs lower HDI categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Older adults in higher-HDI countries had better OHRQoL (high 79.9, 95% CI 74.4 to 85.5; very high 78.4, 95% CI 71.1 to 85.8) than those in medium-HDI countries (63.5, 95% CI 54.3 to 72.7); the difference by HDI was statistically significant (ungraded).

3 findings from 1 review

Country-level unemployment rate vs Higher vs lower unemployment-rate categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly across country-level unemployment-rate categories; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Health expenditure per capita vs Higher vs lower per-capita health expenditure categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly across per-capita health-expenditure categories; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Country-level edentulism prevalence (Global Burden of Disease) vs Low vs high edentulism prevalence

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly by country-level edentulism prevalence; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Out-of-pocket health expenditure vs Lower vs higher out-of-pocket expenditure categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Lower out-of-pocket health expenditure was associated with better OHRQoL (83.9, 95% CI 75.2 to 92.6 vs 67.5, 95% CI 58.5 to 76.5); the difference was statistically significant (ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Country-level dental caries prevalence (Global Burden of Disease) vs Low vs high dental caries prevalence

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Lower country-level dental caries prevalence was associated with better OHRQoL (low-prevalence pooled mean 81.5, 95% CI 76.5 to 86.6, higher than high-prevalence countries); statistically significant (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpaste less than 1000 ppm (lower concentration) vs Fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm or more (higher concentration)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

It is very uncertain whether fluoride toothpaste less than 1000 ppm (lower concentration) changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm or more (higher concentration) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Erbium:YAG laser vs Untreated / high-speed-handpiece control enamel

Enamel resistance to demineralization (microhardness / lesion depth) · Human enamel adjacent to restorations or in pits and fissures (in situ / ex vivo)

Er:YAG laser showed a mixed and limited effect on enamel resistance to demineralization: feasible for controlling progression around restorations but not preventing caries formation, and ineffective in pits and fissures (ungraded, 2 ex-vivo studies, no pooled estimate).

1 finding from 1 review

Sociodemographic and behavioural factors (older age, lower education, lower income, poor oral hygiene/brushing, smoking, disadvantaged/slum residence, sex) vs Referent groups (younger, higher education/income, better oral hygiene, non-slum residence)

Determinants of oral diseases · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs

Age, education, income, oral-hygiene behaviour, dental-visit pattern and slum/disadvantaged residence are associated with oral disease; gender effects are disease-specific; ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpaste 440 ppm (lower concentration) vs 1450 to 1500 ppm F toothpaste

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Fluoride toothpaste 440 ppm (lower concentration) probably leads to lower fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with fluoride toothpaste 1450 ppm (higher concentration) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpaste 550 ppm (lower concentration) vs Fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm or more (higher concentration)

Fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) · Children exposed to topical fluoride when under 6 years old; fluorosis assessed in permanent teeth at 6 to 18 years

Fluoride toothpaste 550 ppm (lower concentration) probably leads to lower fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with fluoride toothpaste 1000 ppm (higher concentration) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review