Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

245 questions · 277 findings · 32 reviews

No studies found 48 · 17.3%GRADE not reported 109 · 39.4%Very low 70 · 25.3%Low 22 · 7.9%Moderate 19 · 6.9%High 9 · 3.2%

Topical G32 (ayurvedic preparation) vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel)

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Topical G32 (ayurvedic preparation) showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with chlorhexidine digluconate 1% gel; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

VSC: third component · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) showed no clear difference in VSC: third component compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Sesame oil vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

OLT score and patient self-assessment (BANA test) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Asokan 2011 (2-arm trial) compared sesame oil versus chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthwash (OLT and BANA test). We could not include the results in the meta-analysis because they did not report post-intervention OLT score and P…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Topical G32 (ayurvedic preparation) vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel)

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    1 week
    Patil 2017 reported burning mucosa and drying of mouth in a few subjects using the control drug (chlorhexidine) and no adverse effects were reported in the intervention group (G32 tablets).
    1 study · 40 participants
    GRADE not reported

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) mouthwash changes patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Miswak (Salvadora persica) stick vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) stick changes patient self-assessment VAS (scale 0 to 10) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) showed no clear difference in VSC: hydrogen sulphide compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping)

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    1 week
    Wirthlin 2011 reported altered taste sensation as the adverse event. OLT scores could not be included in the analysis as the group-wise data were not given.
    1 study · 22 participants
    GRADE not reported

Miswak (Salvadora persica) stick vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether miswak (Salvadora persica) stick changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Triphala and Ela decoction mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether triphala and Ela decoction mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with chlorhexidine + zinc mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; palifermin or repifermin), intravenous vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Oral mucositis (any severity) · Children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving chemotherapy alone

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), intravenous led to lower oral mucositis (any severity) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; palifermin or repifermin), intravenous vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Oral mucositis (moderate to severe) · Children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving chemotherapy alone

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), intravenous led to lower oral mucositis (moderate to severe) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; palifermin or repifermin), intravenous vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash

Oral mucositis (severe) · Children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving chemotherapy alone

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), intravenous led to lower oral mucositis (severe) compared with chlorhexidine mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed ice held in the mouth during cancer treatment) vs Chlorhexidine rinse

Oral mucositis (any severity) · Adults with solid cancers receiving fluorouracil (5FU) and leucovorin

It is very uncertain whether oral cryotherapy (ice chips, ice-cold water, ice cubes or crushed… changes oral mucositis (any severity) compared with chlorhexidine rinse (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review