What do systematic reviews say?

Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy

Nutritional education showed no clear difference in small‐for‐gestational age compared with no counselling or education during pregnancy (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.45, 2.11]
  1 study · 404 participants
  Low

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation probably leads to lower small‐for‐gestational age compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.69, 0.9]
  7 studies · 4408 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher small‐for‐gestational age (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [1.03, 2.41]
  1 study · 505 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported