Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

19 questions · 23 findings · 5 reviews · Airways

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 2 · 8.7%Very low 4 · 17.4%Low 6 · 26.1%Moderate 8 · 34.8%High 3 · 13%

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with tiotropium (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy vs current best practice

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

160/4.5 mcg BDF single inhaler therapy showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with current best practice (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Children: formoterol/fluticasone vs regular salmeterol and fluticasone

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · children with chronic asthma

Children: formoterol/fluticasone showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with salmeterol/fluticasone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Regular formoterol and ICS showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with same‐dose ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regular formoterol and ICS vs same‐dose ICS

Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · children and adolescents with chronic asthma

It is very uncertain whether regular formoterol and ICS changes asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with same‐dose ICS (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital admission) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention leads to higher non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital admission) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol and budesonide vs salmeterol and fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

5 findings from 1 review
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Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal SAE ‐ Adults · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review