What do systematic reviews say?

GM-CSF vs placebo

GM‐CSF showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Sargramostim (GM‐CSF) for induction of remission in Crohn's disease 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.17 [0.82, 5.7]
  2 studies · 251 participants
  Moderate

Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg + MTX/DMARD vs placebo + DMARDs/biologic

Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg + MTX/DMARD showed no clear difference in serious Adverse Events compared with placebo + MTX/DMARD (moderate certainty).

• Tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.83, 1.64]
  3 studies · 1961 participants
  Moderate

Golimumab 50 mg every 4 weeks + MTX vs placebo + MTX

Golimumab 50 mg every 4 weeks + MTX showed no clear difference in serious Adverse Events compared with placebo + MTX (high certainty).

• Golimumab for rheumatoid arthritis 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.62, 1.78]
  4 studies · 918 participants
  High

Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether non‐absorbable disaccharides changes non‐serious adverse events (secondary outcome) compared with placebo/no intervention (very low certainty).

• Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.47 [1.24, 4.93]
  9 studies · 739 participants
  Very low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.08 [0.95, 1.23]
  5531 participants
  Low

Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo

• Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  Very low

Methylnaltrexone vs placebo

Methylnaltrexone may leads to lower serious adverse eventsi compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.38, 0.93]
  2 studies · 364 participants
  Low

Naldemedine vs placebo

Naldemedine showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsh compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Mu‐opioid antagonists for opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.34 [0.85, 13.15]
  2 studies · 418 participants
  Low

Canakinumab vs placebo or usual care

Canakinumab showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with standard care/placebo (low certainty).

• Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.57, 1.13]
  2 studies · 499 participants
  Low

Anakinra vs placebo or usual care

Anakinra showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with standard care/placebo (low certainty).

• Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.58, 1.56]
  2 studies · 722 participants
  Low

mRNA‐1273 – ModernaTX vs placebo

mRNA‐1273 – ModernaTX showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsl compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.78, 1.08]
  2 studies · 34072 participants
  Moderate

CVnCoV – CureVac AG vs placebo

CVnCoV – CureVac AG showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsk compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [0.9, 1.71]
  1 study · 39529 participants
  Low

ChAdOx1 – AstraZeneca + University of Oxford vs placebo

ChAdOx1 – AstraZeneca + University of Oxford showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventso compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.07]
  7 studies · 58182 participants
  Moderate

AD26.COV2.S – Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies vs placebo

AD26.COV2.S – Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsb compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.69, 1.22]
  1 study · 43783 participants
  Moderate

Gam‐COVID‐VAC – Sputnik V vs placebo

Gam‐COVID‐VAC – Sputnik V showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsf compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.39, 1.07]
  1 study · 21862 participants
  Low

CoronaVac – Sinovac vs placebo

CoronaVac – Sinovac showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsr compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.62, 1.51]
  4 studies · 23139 participants
  Low

BNT162b2 – Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma vs placebo

BNT162b2 – Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsi compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [0.55, 3.07]
  2 studies · 46107 participants
  Low

WIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Wuhan vs placebo

WIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Wuhan showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsi compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.6, 1.15]
  2 studies · 27029 participants
  Low

BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo

BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing showed no clear difference in serious adverse eventsk compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.54, 1.06]
  1 study · 26924 participants
  Low

BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo

BBV152 – Bharat Biotech leads to lower serious adverse eventsi compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.43, 0.97]
  1 study · 25928 participants
  High