What do systematic reviews say?

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions showed no clear difference in respiratory‐related mortality compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.7 [0.89, 3.26]
  1572 participants
  Low
• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.94 [1.2, 3.13]
  7 studies · 1219 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (respiratory‐related) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.4 [0.15, 1.07]
  2 studies · 735 participants
  Low

Interventions targeting industrial sources vs practice

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interventions targeting residential sources vs practice

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Interventions targeting multiple sources vs practice

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Interventions targeting vehicular sources vs practice

• Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy

Titrated oxygen therapy may leads to lower mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).

• Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.97]
  1 study · 214 participants
  Low