What do systematic reviews say?

Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring changes perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with a different type of self‐monitoring (very low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.13, 67.91]
  1 study · 28 participants
  Very low

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs intermittent glucose monitoring

Continuous glucose monitoring showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with intermittent glucose monitoring (low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.05, 12.61]
  1 study · 71 participants
  Low

Self‐monitoring vs periodic

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring changes perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) compared with periodic (very low certainty).

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.54 [0.21, 11.24]
  2 studies · 400 participants
  Very low

Continuous glucose monitoring system vs self‐monitoring of glucose

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 179 participants
  Very low

Self‐monitoring at home vs hospitalisation

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring at home changes perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with hospitalisation (very low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.05, 13.24]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Automated telemedicine monitoring vs conventional

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being ‐ Intermittent electronic fetal monitoring (CTG) vs routine Pinard (outcomes

It is very uncertain whether intermittent ausculation of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal… changes perinatal mortality compared with routine Pinard (outcomes (very low certainty).

• Intermittent auscultation (IA) of fetal heart rate in labour for fetal well‐being 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.34, 2.25]
  1 study · 633 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality (low certainty).

• Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.86, 1.72]
  2 studies · 2589 participants
  Low

Pre‐prandial vs post‐prandial glucose monitoring

It is very uncertain whether pre‐prandial changes perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with post‐prandial glucose monitoring (very low certainty).

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.91 [0.12, 68.66]
  1 study · 61 participants
  Very low

Setting of BP measurement: self‐measurement vs conventional clinic measurement

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Technique of BP measurement: Korotkoff phase IV vs Korotkoff phase V to represent diastolic BP

Technique of BP measurement: Korotkoff phase IV showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with korotkoff phase V to represent diastolic BP (low certainty).

• Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.16, 7.92]
  1 study · 220 participants
  Low

Technique of BP measurement: CRADLE intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Setting and techniques for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

• Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.24]
  11 studies · 33513 participants
  Low

Constant CGM vs Intermittent CGM

• Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre‐existing diabetes 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Telemedicine vs usual care

• Different methods and settings for glucose monitoring for gestational diabetes during pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 131 participants
  Very low