Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

91 questions · 107 findings · 30 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 15 · 14%GRADE not reported 5 · 4.7%Very low 25 · 23.4%Low 37 · 34.6%Moderate 12 · 11.2%High 13 · 12.1%

Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo

Pain at 12 hours · patients with postoperative pain

It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 12 hours compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 175 participants
Very low

Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo

Pain at 24 hours · patients with postoperative pain

Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in pain at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 562 participants
Low

Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Paracetamol 1000 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
High

Paracetamol 500 mg to 650 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free at 1 hour · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Paracetamol 1000 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free at 1 hour · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Paracetamol 500 mg to 650 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Ketoprofen 25 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Ketoprofen for episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Pain ‐ pain at 24 hours · children with acute otitis media

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in pain ‐ pain at 24 hours compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.78, 1.01]
5 studies · 1394 participants
High

Aspirin 1000 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free or mild pain at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 215 participants
Very low

Paracetamol 500 mg to 650 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free or mild pain at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Paracetamol 1000 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free or mild pain at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
High

Ketoprofen 25 mg vs placebo

Pain‐free or mild pain at 2 hours · adults with episodic tension‐type headache

1 finding from 1 review

Ketoprofen for episodic tension‐type headache in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Dexmedetomidine vs control or placebo medications

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications

Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Very low

Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications

Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 202 participants
Low

Pregabalin or Gabapentin vs control or placebo medications

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 202 participants
Low

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

Acute postoperative pain at 12 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 332 participants
Moderate

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

Acute postoperative pain at 24 hours (Score 0 to 10, VAS or NRS Scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 459 participants
High

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults undergoing brain surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 202 participants
Very low