What do systematic reviews say?

Back School vs exercise

Back School showed no clear difference in pain: long‐term compared with exercise (low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 4.58
  3 studies · 461 participants
  Low

Back School vs exercise

It is very uncertain whether back School changes pain: short‐term compared with exercise (very low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 416 participants
  Very low

Back School vs exercise

Back School showed no clear difference in pain: intermediate‐term compared with exercise (low certainty).

• Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 619 participants
  Low

Therapeutic ultrasound plus exercise vs exercise

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Therapeutic ultrasound plus exercise vs exercise

It is very uncertain whether therapeutic ultrasound plus exercise changes pain intensity Scale: VAS (100‐point scale; higher scores mean… compared with exercise alone (very low certainty).

• Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 70 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs no exercise

Yoga may leads to higher adverse events (1 participant withdrew due to increased back pain) compared with non‐exercise (low certainty).

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.76 [2.08, 10.89]
  8 studies · 1037 participants
  Low

Yoga vs no exercise

Yoga may leads to higher clinical improvement Assessed as participant rating that back pain… compared with non‐exercise (low certainty).

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.33 [1.46, 3.71]
  4 studies · 353 participants
  Low

Yoga vs exercise

It is very uncertain whether yoga changes clinical improvement Assessed as participant rating that back pain… compared with exercise (very low certainty).

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.72, 1.31]
  3 studies · 433 participants
  Very low

Exercise therapy vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

It is very uncertain whether exercise therapy changes pain compared with sham/placebo treatment (very low certainty).

• Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 299 participants
  Very low

Exercise therapy vs no treatment

• Exercise therapy for treatment of acute non‐specific low back pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 157 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs exercise

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 326 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs no exercise

• Yoga for chronic non‐specific low back pain 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 946 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for acute non‐specific low back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 58 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for acute non‐specific low back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 89 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for acute non‐specific low back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 406 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 279 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 643 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 872 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 291 participants
  Moderate