Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

39 questions · 44 findings · 15 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

No studies found 8 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 2 · 4.5%Very low 8 · 18.2%Low 24 · 54.5%Moderate 2 · 4.5%High 0 · 0%

Vaginal misoprostol vs placebo

Opiate use (as a proxy measure for pain) for all participants on ITT (including those without confirmed AMI) · early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)

It is very uncertain whether vaginal misoprostol changes pain (opiate use) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) vs placebo

Adequate pain relief as reported by women · women with perineal pain following childbirth

Paracetamol (single administration, any dose) may leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by women compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo

Need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

Opioid may leads to lower need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review