What do systematic reviews say?

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in long‐term survival (incidence of mortality) compared with no pulmonary rehabilitation (low certainty).

• Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.08, 1.19]
  3 studies · 127 participants
  Low

Pulmonary artery perfusion with blood vs no perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass

It is very uncertain whether pulmonary artery perfusion with blood changes all‐cause mortality within longest compared with no perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (very low certainty).

• Pulmonary artery perfusion versus no perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass for open heart surgery in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 1.78 [0.43, 7.4]
  4 studies · 210 participants
  Very low

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.26 [0.07, 1.06]
  3 studies · 492 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs ERA

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with ERA (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.19 [0.74, 13.64]
  2 studies · 272 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i leads to lower mortality compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.22 [0.07, 0.68]
  8 studies · 1119 participants
  High

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Group 3 Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Group 2 Pulmonary hypertension due to left‐heart disease ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 2 Pulmonary hypertension due to left‐heart disease ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.27 [0.28, 5.8]
  3 studies · 286 participants
  Moderate

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in mortality compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.73 [0.36, 1.51]
  6 studies · 755 participants
  Moderate

Continuous pulse oximetry vs no/intermittent pulse oximetry

• Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  22021 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs no pulmonary rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in long‐term survival (incidence of mortality) compared with no pulmonary rehabilitation (low certainty).

• Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.4 [0.14, 1.12]
  4 studies · 291 participants
  Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 20 participants
  Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ sildenafil versus bosentan compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.36 [0.22, 8.48]
  1 study · 106 participants
  Low

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) vs pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (long term)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) vs pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (short term)

Duplex ultrasound plus pulse palpation and arterial pressure index… showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with pulse palpation plus arterial pressure index (ABI or TBI) (short term) (low certainty).

• Duplex ultrasound for surveillance of lower limb revascularisation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.7, 1.74]
  1 study · 594 participants
  Low

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in mortality (to end of compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.68 [0.28, 1.67]
  6 studies · 670 participants
  Low

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) plus routine treatment vs placebo plus routine treatment

It is very uncertain whether osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) plus routine treatment changes mortality compared with placebo plus routine treatment (very low certainty).

• Chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.43 [0.12, 1.5]
  3 studies · 327 participants
  Very low

Low molecular weight heparin vs placebo or no prophylaxis

• Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 3111 participants
  GRADE not reported

Strategies to increase use of antenatal corticosteroids vs usual care

Strategies to increase use of antenatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in maternal mortality (at population level) compared with routine (usual) care (low certainty).

• Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.64, 1.92]
  1 study · 99742 participants
  Low

INO vs control group

INO showed no clear difference in mortality in paediatric population (subgroup) compared with control group (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.51, 1.18]
  185 participants
  Moderate