What do systematic reviews say?

Opioids vs other analgesics

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes hypotension compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.32, 5.59]
  3 studies · 204 participants
  Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 88 participants
  Very low

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

L‐arginine vs placebo

Arginine showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ hypotension compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Arginine supplementation for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.41, 2.59]
  2 studies · 192 participants
  Moderate

Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping

Respiratory support showed no clear difference in inotropic support for hypotension compared with no respiratory support before cord clamping (low certainty).

• Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.63, 2.49]
  150 participants
  Low

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment

Systemic administration of beta‐blockers may leads to higher arterial hypotension and/or bradycardia requiring treatment compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 24.35 [1.32, 448.5]
  3 studies · 366 participants
  Low

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes hypotension requiring medical therapy (vasopressors or fluid… (very low certainty).

• Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.53 [0.27, 112.3]
  Studies not reported
  Very low