Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
It is very uncertain whether low‐cavity forceps changes third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any vacuum cup (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Soft cup showed no clear difference in third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with rigid cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Handheld vacuum showed no clear difference in third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any vacuum cup (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps may leads to higher third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Infected episiotomy/laceration (deep perineal wound infection № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery
Any antibiotics leads to lower infected episiotomy/laceration (deep perineal wound infection № of… compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.46 [0.31, 0.69]
Studies not reported
High
Infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound infection) № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery
Any antibiotics leads to lower infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound… compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.53 [0.4, 0.69]
Studies not reported
High
Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
Warm compresses showed no clear difference in episiotomy compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
It is very uncertain whether massage changes episiotomy compared with control (hands off or care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
Ritgen's manoeuvre showed no clear difference in episiotomy compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications
Hands off (or poised) may leads to lower episiotomy compared with hands on (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review