The intervention led to higher dental caries (early childhood caries); GRADE not reported.
The intervention led to lower dental caries (early childhood caries); GRADE not reported.
Breastfeeding for <4 vs ≥4 months was not significantly associated with early childhood caries (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.80-1.13; ungraded).
In cohort studies, breastfeeding for <6 vs ≥6 months was not significantly associated with early childhood caries (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.88-1.06; ungraded).
SNP-based heritability of dental caries was low (h2=0.0258, SE 0.0155); ungraded.
No significant difference in caries odds was found between mixed breast-and-bottle-fed and bottle-fed-only children (meta-analysis reported no difference; pooled estimate in an unavailable supplementary figure; not GRADE-rated).
Parental tertiary education (vs high-school education) was associated with about 1.8 times higher odds of early childhood caries in South Africa (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.22-2.57; 2 studies; not GRADE-rated).
No significant difference in caries odds was found between bottle-fed-only and breast-fed-only children (meta-analysis reported no difference; pooled estimate in an unavailable supplementary figure; not GRADE-rated).
No significant difference in caries odds was found between children of low- versus high-SES parents (meta-analysis reported no difference; pooled estimate in an unavailable supplementary figure; not GRADE-rated).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Across individual cross-sectional studies, e-cigarette users tended to have more untreated caries and higher caries risk than non-smokers (per-study OR ~2.0-4.2), but results were not pooled (ungraded, narrative).
Sensitivity ranged from 48% to 98.3% across 13 studies; no meta-analysis or GRADE rating was reported.
Specificity ranged from 83% to 100% across 13 studies; no meta-analysis or GRADE rating was reported.
In a subgroup analysis, probiotics reduced the number of caries in adolescents (MD -0.60, 95%CI -0.92 to -0.28; p-interaction=0.02); not GRADE-rated.
Probiotics probably make little to no difference to the number of dental caries versus control (MD -0.24 carious pieces, 95%CI -0.72 to 0.23; low certainty).
High SES showed no significant association with dental caries (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.31; 5 studies; not GRADE-rated).
Clinical examination with risk-based recall showed no clear difference in dental caries: prevalence of root caries compared with clinical examination with 6-month recall; GRADE not reported.