Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM35585594
Maternal and infant risk factors and risk indicators associated with early childhood caries in South Africa: a systematic review.
Kimmie-Dhansay Faheema, Barrie Robert, Roberts Tina, et al. · BMC oral health · 2022 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02218-x
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
4
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
29
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 4 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Systemically healthy children under 6 years old living in South Africa (HIV excluded as a confounder); caries assessed using a validated tool (ICDAS, dmft, or dmfs) | Healthy children under 6 years in South Africa (23 studies; 19 cross-sectional and 4 cohort) |
| Intervention | Maternal and infant risk factors and risk indicators: socio-economic status, dietary factors, oral hygiene knowledge and practices, breastfeeding and bottle-feeding practices, oral bacterial flora, and other indicators | 58 factors evaluated across 23 studies: 6 socio-demographic, 14 dietary, 6 breast/bottle-feeding, 14 oral hygiene, 6 oral bacterial flora, and 12 other factors |
| Comparison | Comparison groups within each risk factor (e.g., exposed vs unexposed, higher vs lower level); not formally pre-specified | Four meta-analyzed comparisons: parental tertiary vs high-school education; low vs high SES; bottle-only vs breast-only feeding; mixed breast-and-bottle vs bottle-only feeding; remaining factors presented narratively |
| Outcomes | Dental caries (early childhood caries) determined using a validated tool (ICDAS, dmft, dmfs) | Dental caries prevalence/experience. Pooled OR for parental tertiary vs high-school education 1.77 (95% CI 1.22-2.57; 2 studies; I2=0%); no significant difference for the SES and feeding comparisons (supplementary figures S1-S3) |
| Study designs | Observational studies (cross-sectional and cohort) published in English; unpublished manuscripts, conference abstracts, and grey literature excluded | 23 observational studies (19 cross-sectional, 4 cohort) |
| Timing | No restriction on year of publication | Studies published across several decades; predominantly cross-sectional (point-in-time) |
Search date: Up to 15 November 2020 (review conducted November 2020 to January 2021). Databases: Scopus; Embase (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Dentistry and Oral Sciences); Science Direct; PubMed; plus hand-searching of reference lists of included articles
Questions and results
Parental tertiary education vs Parental high school (secondary) education
Population: Healthy children under 6 years in South Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (early childhood caries) Parental tertiary education (vs high-school education) was associated with about 1.8 times higher odds of early childhood caries in South Africa (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.22-2.57; 2 studies; not GRADE-rated). Source: Results (Socio-demographic factors); Abstract; Fig. 2 (forest plot) · same question in other reviews | OR 1.77 [1.22, 2.57] | 2 studies · 505 participants | Ungraded |
Low parental socioeconomic status (SES) vs High parental socioeconomic status (SES)
Population: Healthy children under 6 years in South Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (early childhood caries) No significant difference in caries odds was found between children of low- versus high-SES parents (meta-analysis reported no difference; pooled estimate in an unavailable supplementary figure; not GRADE-rated). Source: Results (Socio-demographic factors); Additional file 10: Figure S1 · same question in other reviews | OR 2.21 [0.41, 11.96] | 3 studies · 1620 participants | Ungraded |
Bottle-feeding only vs Breastfeeding only
Population: Healthy children under 6 years in South Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (early childhood caries) No significant difference in caries odds was found between bottle-fed-only and breast-fed-only children (meta-analysis reported no difference; pooled estimate in an unavailable supplementary figure; not GRADE-rated). Source: Results (Factors related to breast or bottle-feeding); Additional file 11: Figure S2 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.30 [0.84, 2.02] | 2 studies · 911 participants | Ungraded |
Mixed breast- and bottle-feeding vs Bottle-feeding only
Population: Healthy children under 6 years in South Africa
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (early childhood caries) No significant difference in caries odds was found between mixed breast-and-bottle-fed and bottle-fed-only children (meta-analysis reported no difference; pooled estimate in an unavailable supplementary figure; not GRADE-rated). Source: Results (Factors related to breast or bottle-feeding); Additional file 12: Figure S3 · same question in other reviews | OR 1.04 [0.76, 1.41] | 2 studies · 863 participants | Ungraded |
Included primary studies 29
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roberts 1994 matched by author and year (probable) | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Chosack 1988 Caries prevalence and severity in the primary dentition and Streptococcus mutans levels in the saliva of preschoolchildren in South Africa DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1988.tb01777.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Chosack 1990 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | Dental caries (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cleaton-Jones 1984 Dental caries and sucrose intake in five South African preschool groups DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01476.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cleaton-Jones 2000a Surveillance of primary dentition caries in Germiston, South Africa, 1981–97 DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280404.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Cleaton-Jones 2000b matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gordon 1985 Prevalence of dental caries, patterns of sugar consumption and oral hygiene practices in infancy in S. Africa DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00462.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gordon 2007 Oral health care for children attending a malnutrition clinic in South Africa DOI:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2007.00261.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Granath 1991 Correlations between caries prevalence and potential etiologic factors in large samples of 4–5‐yr‐old children DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00162.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Granath 1993 Prevalence of dental caries in 4- to 5-year-old children partly explained by presence of salivary mutans streptococci. PMID:8417035 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Khan 1998 Dental Caries in African Preschool Children: Social Factors as Disease Markers DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1998.tb02984.x | this review only | Dental caries (early childhood caries) | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| MacKeown 2000 Energy and macronutrient intake in relation to dental caries incidence in urban black South African preschool children in 1991 and 1995:… DOI:10.1017/s1368980000000355 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mackeown 2001 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mackeown 2003 Caries and micronutrient intake among urban South African children: a cohort study DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2003.00042.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mndzebele 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mohamed 2008 Characteristics of Children Under 6 Years of Age Treated for Early Chidhood Caries in South Africa DOI:10.17796/jcpd.32.3.p3130332231x7014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mohamed 2018 Early childhood caries and dental treatment need in low socio-economic communities in Cape Town, South Africa. PMID:31934368 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Molete 2018 Early childhood caries experience of children accessing selected immunization facilities in Johannesburg DOI:10.17159/2519-0105/2018/v73no5a1 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ntombela 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Postma 2008 Socio-demographic correlates of early childhood caries prevalence and severity in a developing country - South Africa DOI:10.1111/j.1875-595x.2008.tb00182.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Richardson 1978 (Part I) matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Richardson 1978a matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Richardson 1978b matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Richardson 1979 PMID:19797348 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Richardson 1981a matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Richardson 1981b Sweets, snacks, and dental caries: South African interracial patterns DOI:10.1093/ajcn/34.7.1428 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Roberts 1993 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Toi 1999 Mutans streptococci and other caries‐associated acidogenic bacteria in five‐year‐old children in South Africa DOI:10.1034/j.1399-302x.1999.140407.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Williams 1985 Dental caries and dental treatment in the primary dentition in an industrialized South African community DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00437.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| Breast and Bottle Feeding as Risk Factors for Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2015) | 1 | 0.03 |
| Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2024) | 1 | 0.01 |