What do systematic reviews say?

Hinokitiol gel vs Placebo gel

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 4 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 3 months
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

1000 mg champignon extract vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 2 weeks
  Adverse events (Table 6). Risk with placebo mouthwash: None reported. Risk with halita mouthwash: tongue staining was seen in patients who gargled, rather than rinsed. 40 participants (1 RCT). Certainty: VERY LOW.
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 41 participants
  GRADE not reported

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 47 participants
  GRADE not reported

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  mean 4 weeks
  Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

• Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Adverse events reported by Borden 2002 were not related to the interventions.
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

GM-CSF vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse events attributed to GM-CSF typically bone pain, nausea, fever and headache; not reported as serious; reporting poor and inconsistent (SoF comments cell, not GRADE-rated)
  8 studies
  GRADE not reported

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; palifermin or repifermin), intravenous vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse events attributed to KGF were typically oral-related or skin-related; mostly mild to moderate with very few serious events; reporting poor and inconsistent, not appropriate to meta-analyse (SoF comments cell,…
  16 studies
  GRADE not reported

G‐CSF vs placebo or no treatment

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Limited evidence of adverse events for G-CSF; 2 of 6 studies did not report; low rates of mild to moderate events, most commonly bone pain (SoF comments cell, not GRADE-rated)
  6 studies
  GRADE not reported

Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), oral spray vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse events narratively reported (not GRADE-rated)
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), oral spray vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: cytokines and growth factors 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse events narratively reported; no serious events attributed to EGF (not GRADE-rated)
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Zinc vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether zinc supplements (zinc sulphate, zinc gluconate, zinc picolinate,… changes adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for managing taste disturbances 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 to 18 weeks
  RR 5.20 [0.90, 30.19]
  3 studies · 335 participants
  Very low

Electrostimulation (device) vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: non‐pharmacological interventions 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Wong 2003 stated 'no adverse effects were caused by Codetron'; Steller 1988 and Talal 1992 did not mention whether adverse effects occurred
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Acupuncture vs sham

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: non‐pharmacological interventions 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Acupuncture was associated with more adverse effects (tiny bruises and tiredness, mild and temporary); List 1998 noted significant eye discomfort; Pfister 2010 reported temporary increases in pain, minor bruising or…
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Cetylpyridinium chloride + essential oils + chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthrinse (Breath Rx) vs placebo

• Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis 2008 · Cochrane All outcomes

  4 weeks
  Borden 2002: 13 adverse events were reported in the trial, but the investigators concluded that none were likely to be related to product usage.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Amifostine vs no treatment/placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Alopecia, skin toxicity, hot flush, drowsiness, sneezing, hiccupping, dizziness and fatigue reported narratively or only for the amifostine group; insufficient evidence of a difference
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Pilocarpine vs no treatment/placebo

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No evidence of a difference for any other adverse event (nausea, vomiting, chilling, headache, lacrimation, dysphasia, weakness, nervousness, rhinitis, blurred vision, urinary frequency, dizziness, palpitation, skin…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs placebo

• Mouthrinses for the treatment of halitosis 2008 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 weeks
  Winkel 2003: significantly more tongue staining (P < 0.001) and tooth staining (P < 0.002) were noted with the chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride + zinc lactate mouthrinse than with placebo.
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported