Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

22 questions · 22 findings · 6 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 6 · 27.3%GRADE not reported 1 · 4.5%Very low 4 · 18.2%Low 8 · 36.4%Moderate 2 · 9.1%High 1 · 4.5%

Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment vs other active intervention

Adverse events PFMT + Anal EStim versus PFMT alone · Patients with postprostatectomy UI

Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment showed no clear difference in adverse events PFMT + Anal EStim versus PFMT alone compared with another active treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Number of minor adverse events · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of minor adverse events compared with sham acupuncture (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Bladder training vs anticholinergics

Number of any adverse events: immediately after treatment · overactive bladder

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Bladder training changes number of any adverse events: immediately after treatment compared with anticholinergics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

Number of women reporting adverse events ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether PFMT added to drug therapy changes number of women reporting adverse events compared with drug therapy alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review