What do systematic reviews say?

Budesonide MMX® 6 mg vs placebo

Budesonide MMX® 6 mg showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.21, 1.91]
  2 studies · 512 participants
  Low

Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg

Budesonide MMX® 9 mg showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with entocort EC 9mg (low certainty).

• Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.94 [0.45, 34.74]
  1 study · 254 participants
  Low

Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo

Budesonide MMX® 9 mg showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.33, 2.4]
  2 studies · 513 participants
  Low

Budesonide 15 mg vs placebo

Budesonide 15 mg showed no clear difference in corticosteroid related adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn's disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.4 [0.84, 2.34]
  2 studies · 181 participants
  Moderate

Nebulized budesonide vs viscous budesonide

• Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 25 participants
  Very low

Budesonide MMX® 6 mg vs placebo

Budesonide MMX® 6 mg showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.55, 2.22]
  2 studies · 512 participants
  Low

Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg

Budesonide MMX® 9 mg showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse events compared with entocort EC 9mg (moderate certainty).

• Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.56, 1.58]
  1 study · 254 participants
  Moderate

Oral viscous budesonide vs swallowed fluticasone

Oral viscous budesonide showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events at 8 weeks compared with swallowed fluticasone (low certainty).

• Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.42, 2.32]
  1 study · 129 participants
  Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—320/94 Duration of 10 months3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.17 [0.95, 1.45]
  2476 participants
  Low

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) vs placebo

Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious'—160/94 Duration of nine months 3 compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.2 [0.89, 1.63]
  1556 participants
  Low

Metronidazole vs budesonide enema

It is very uncertain whether metronidazole changes adverse events compared with budesonide enema (very low certainty).

• Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.29 [0.78, 6.73]
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs budesonide/formoterol

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol showed no clear difference in withdrawals (adverse events) compared with budesonide/formoterol (moderate certainty).

• Combination fluticasone and salmeterol versus fixed dose combination budesonide and formoterol for chronic asthma in… 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.6, 1.46]
  5 studies · 5082 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events－serious events Budesonide/formoterol (BDF) versus… (very low certainty).

• Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.72, 1.21]
  3 studies · 1469 participants
  Very low

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 7.45 [0.15, 375.68]
  1 study · 229 participants
  Low

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.14 [0.82, 1.59]
  7 studies · 5935 participants
  Moderate

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

• Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.69 [0.37, 1.26]
  7 studies · 5935 participants
  Low
• Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 229 participants
  GRADE not reported

Azathioprine vs budesonide

It is very uncertain whether azathioprine changes serious adverse events compared with budesonide (very low certainty).

• Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.13 [0.25, 103.43]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Capsaicin vs budesonide

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Capsaicin for non‐allergic rhinitis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Azathioprine vs budesonide

It is very uncertain whether azathioprine changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with budesonide (very low certainty).

• Azathioprine or 6‐mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.13 [0.25, 103.43]
  1 study · 77 participants
  Very low

Six‐food elimination diet vs swallowed fluticasone compared to swallowed budesonide compared to oral viscous budesonide

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Medical treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found