Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,514 questions · 1,543 findings · 649 reviews

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No studies found 224 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 105 · 6.8%Very low 383 · 24.8%Low 447 · 29%Moderate 293 · 19%High 91 · 5.9%

Clazakizumab vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19

Clazakizumab showed no clear difference in adverse events ( compared with standard care/placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.2, 6.24]
1 study · 17 participants
Low

Levilimab vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19

Levilimab showed no clear difference in adverse events ( compared with standard care/placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.73, 1.87]
1 study · 206 participants
Low

Tociliuzumab vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events ( · people with mild/moderate/severe/critical COVID‐19

Tociliuzumab showed no clear difference in adverse events ( compared with standard care/placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.95, 1.12]
9 studies · 1811 participants
Moderate

Modafinil vs placebo

Adverse events ( · people with a primary brain tumour

It is very uncertain whether boele 2013: modafinil changes adverse events ( compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of fatigue in adults with a primary brain tumour 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.79 [0.59, 13.16]
1 study · 37 participants
Very low

Short‐acting inhaled muscarinic antagonists vs placebo

Adverse events Â · adults and children with cystic fibrosis

1 finding from 1 review

Short‐acting inhaled bronchodilators for cystic fibrosis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 27 participants
Very low

Short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists vs placebo

Adverse events Â · adults and children with cystic fibrosis

It is very uncertain whether short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists changes adverse events Â compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Short‐acting inhaled bronchodilators for cystic fibrosis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 47 participants
Very low

Colchicine plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

Adverse events ( · individuals with moderate or severe COVID‐19

1 finding from 1 review

Colchicine for the treatment of COVID‐19 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 72 participants
Very low

LABA/LAMA vs placebo

Serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year · Adults with COPD

Once‐daily LABA/LAMA in a combined inhaler showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (3‐week to 1‐year compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Once daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists in a combined inhaler versus placebo for… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.88, 1.28]
22 studies · 10536 participants
High

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Adverse events—any Duration of two years1 · COPD

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—any Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.09 [0.95, 1.25]
5574 participants
Low

Paracetamol vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events 24 weeks compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol versus placebo for knee and hip osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.91, 1.55]
7 studies · 3023 participants
Moderate

Celecoxib vs placebo

GI adverse events · Patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis

Celecoxib showed no clear difference in GI adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tolerability of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors used for the treatment of rheumatological manifestations of… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.46, 2.07]
1 study · 221 participants
Low

Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo or no intervention

Non‐serious adverse events (secondary outcome) · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

It is very uncertain whether non‐absorbable disaccharides changes non‐serious adverse events (secondary outcome) compared with placebo/no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.47 [1.24, 4.93]
9 studies · 739 participants
Very low

Combination fluticasone/salmeterol vs placebo

Adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 · COPD

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) showed no clear difference in adverse events—'serious' Duration of two years1 compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combined corticosteroid and long‐acting beta₂‐agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary… 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.08 [0.95, 1.23]
5531 participants
Low

Paracetamol vs placebo

Total adverse events: number experiencing 24 weeks · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in total adverse events: number experiencing 24 weeks compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol versus placebo for knee and hip osteoarthritis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.11]
8 studies · 3252 participants
High

Immunomodulatory drug maintenance therapy vs placebo/observation

All adverse events · people with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Immunomodulatory drug maintenance therapy probably leads to higher all adverse events compared with placebo/observation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Maintenance therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 1.41 [1.28, 1.54]
3 studies · 458 participants
Moderate

Phentermine/topiramate vs placebo

All adverse events · Men and non‐pregnant women ≥ 18 years old with essential hypertension

Phentermine/topiramate may leads to higher all adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term effects of weight‐reducing drugs in people with hypertension 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [1.08, 1.2]
1 study · 1305 participants
Low

Naltrexone/bupropion vs placebo

All adverse events · Men and non‐pregnant women ≥ 18 years old with essential hypertension

Naltrexone/bupropion probably leads to higher all adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term effects of weight‐reducing drugs in people with hypertension 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.69 [1.58, 1.8]
1 study · 8283 participants
Moderate

Orlistat vs placebo

All adverse events · Men and non‐pregnant women ≥ 18 years old with essential hypertension

It is very uncertain whether orlistat changes all adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term effects of weight‐reducing drugs in people with hypertension 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.84, 1.54]
2 studies · 1386 participants
Very low

Nifurtimox vs placebo

Adverse events (N) · adults with both late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease and CCC

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Benznidazole vs placebo

Adverse events (N) · adults with both late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease and CCC

Benznidazole probably leads to higher adverse events (N) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.52 [2.09, 3.03]
1 study · 2854 participants
Moderate