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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

44 questions · 44 findings · 11 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 8 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 9 · 20.5%Very low 3 · 6.8%Low 21 · 47.7%Moderate 2 · 4.5%High 1 · 2.3%

Acupuncture vs sham

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of participants reporting adverse effects compared with sham interventions (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture probably leads to lower number of participants reporting adverse effects compared with prophylactic drugs (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term (up to 6 months) · patients with schizophrenia

ACUPUNCTURE may leads to lower adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms (short‐term) compared with STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture probably leads to lower number of participants dropping out due to adverse effects compared with prophylactic drugs (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · people with episodic migraine

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of participants dropping out due to adverse effects compared with sham interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs TCM DRUG

Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effect (no data) · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Manual acupuncture vs cisapride

Adverse effects Discomfort after treatment · patients with functional dyspepsia

It is very uncertain whether manual acupuncture changes adverse effects Discomfort after treatment compared with cisapride (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs valproate

Nausea · participants with epilepsy (one included study only recruited children with absence epilepsy while another included study recruited both…

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture showed no clear difference in frequency of adverse effects ‐ nausea ( compared with valproate (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs valproate

Frequency of adverse effects ‐ malaise ( · participants with epilepsy (one included study only recruited children with absence epilepsy while another included study recruited both…

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture showed no clear difference in frequency of adverse effects ‐ malaise ( compared with valproate (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs valproate

Frequency of adverse effects ‐ dizziness ( · participants with epilepsy (one included study only recruited children with absence epilepsy while another included study recruited both…

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture showed no clear difference in frequency of adverse effects ‐ dizziness ( compared with valproate (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review